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SA Microbiology > L07: Circulatory System & Lymphoid Tissue (Brown) > Flashcards

L07: Circulatory System & Lymphoid Tissue (Brown) Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial sepsis/septic shock char. By:

A
  • vascular collapse and multi-organ failure
  • “cytokine storm”
  • altered organ perfusion
  • CS: fever, tachypnea, hypothermia
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2
Q

Bacterial agents assoc. with sepsis

A

Gram negative:

  • enterobacteriaceae
  • Pseudomonas sp.

Gram positive:

  • Staphylococcus sp.
  • Strep
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3
Q

The sepsis pathway

A

1) LPS and other bacterial components interact with endothelium, neuts, and monocytes
2) endothelium increases TF, adhesion molecules, etc. –> procoagulant effect
3) activated neuts –> reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cytokines, prostaglandin release
3) activated monocytes –> prostaglandin release
4) meanwhile, complement, kinins, lysosomal enzymes released
5) all of the above leads to microvascular occlusion and vascular instabilitiy –> coagulopathy, fever, vasodilation, leaky capillaries, and ultimately sepsis and multi-organ failure

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4
Q

Most definitive tests for dx of infections of hemolymphatic system

A

CBC/blood smear
Serology (IFA, ELISA)
Cultures (blood, tissue aspirates)

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5
Q

Canine adenovirus I causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

DIC
Oral petichial hemorrhage
Lymphadenopathy

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6
Q

Canine distemper causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Leukopenia

Myocarditis (neonates)

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7
Q

Canine herpesvirus I causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A
  • Generalized ecchymotic hemorrhage (neonates)

- lymphoid necrosis

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8
Q

Canine parvovirus causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Leukopenia
Lymphoid necrosis
Myocarditis

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9
Q

FIV causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Anemia
Leukopenia
Lymphadenopathy
2ary infections

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10
Q

FIP causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Immune complex vasculitis/perivasculitis
Lymphadenopathy
Pericardial effusion

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11
Q

Feline panleukopenia virus causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Leukopenia

Mesenteric lymphadenopathy

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12
Q

Feline leukemia virus causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A 
Anemia
Lymphoid depletion
Lymphosarcoma
Myeloproliferative dz
2ary infections
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13
Q

Feline sarcoma virus causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Fibrosarcomas

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14
Q

Bartonella sp. in dogs causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Valvular endocarditis

Heart murmur

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15
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias

Myocarditis

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16
Q

Ehrlichia canis causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A 
Anemia
Bleeding tendencies
Lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly
Limb edema
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17
Q

Erysipelothrix sp. in dogs causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Heart murmur
Emboli
Valvular endocarditis

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18
Q

Leptospira sp. in dogs causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Generalized hemorrhage
Jaundic
Septicemia

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19
Q

Neorickettsia helminthoeca (salmon poisoning) in dogs causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Lymphadenopathy

Splenomegaly

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20
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mt. Spotted Fever) in dogs causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A 
Edema
Hemorrhage
Lymphadenopathy
Myocarditis
Vascular obstruction
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21
Q

Mycoplasma haemofelis (feline infectious anemia) in cats causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Anemia
Icterus
Splenomegaly

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22
Q

Francisella tularensis in cats causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Leukopenia
Lymphadenopathy
Lymph node abscesses
Splenomegaly

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23
Q

Streptococcus canis (cat strangles) causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Cervical lymphadenitis

Lymph node abscesses

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24
Q

Causes of intravascular hemolysis (injury of RBCs in circulation)

A 
Chemicals
Immune-mediated
Infectious: 
-sepsis; most commonly Leptospira and Clostridia*
-Babesia
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25
Q

3 subspecies of Babesia canis

A

1) Vogeli - causes mild dz
2) Canis - can cause severe hemolytic dz
3) Rossi - can cause severe hemolytic dz

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26
Q

Trans. Of Babesia canis

A

Ticks, bites, blood transfusions

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27
Q

Babesia gibsoni chars.

A
  • trans. Similar to B. Canis
  • increasing number of cases esp. In pit bulls, american stafforshire terriers
  • causes hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia
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28
Q

Babesia canis subsp. Presenti

A
  • emerging dz of cats
  • assoc. with heavy tick infestation
  • CS can be none or severe (lethargy, anorexia, pyrexia, icterus, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia)
29
Q

Babesia and blood donors

A
  • parasites circulate intermittently; screen donors initially twice 2-4 wks apart, then recheck q6mo.
  • screen blood smears
  • IFA test
  • ELISA for B. Canis
  • use aggressive tick control
30
Q

Normocytic normochromic anemia

A
  • anemia of chronic dz
  • caused by dysregulation of iron sequestration by mononuclear phagocyte system
  • chronic infections of Histoplasmosis, Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasmosis, FIP, FeLV, and FIV can cause
  • Ehrlichia canis causes bone marrow aplasia
31
Q

Chars. Of neuts

A
  • primary defense against tissue invasion by microbes
  • participate in Ab-mediated cellular cytotoxicity
  • can phagocytize and release proteases
  • rapidly mobilize in response to chemotactic tissue factors (chemokines, certain cytokines)
  • bands present with increased demand
  • immature forms/toxicity present with increased granulation (Dohle bodies)
32
Q

Components of hemolymphatic system

A

Cells:

  • erythrocytes
  • neuts
  • platelets
  • monocyts/macs
  • lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)

Major organs
-lymph nodes and spleen

33
Q

Causes of neutropenia

A
  • increased consumption (ie. Sepsis)

- decreased production (ie toxin, drugs, myeloproliferative diseases, infectious causes, sepsis)

34
Q

Viral causes of dec. neutrophil prod. In cats

A
  • parvovirus

- FeLV and FIV (retroviruses)

35
Q

Ehrlichiosis –> leukopenia in dogs how?

A

Primarily due to marrow aplasia

36
Q

Parvovirus –> leukopenia in dogs how?

A

Affects bone marrow stem cells because it infects rapidly dividing cells

37
Q

Platelets circulate for how long?

A

~ 10 days

38
Q

Platelet count below what level clinically significant?

A
39
Q

Causes of thrombocytopenia

A
  • decreased production (bone marrow disorders including neoplasia, chemotherapy, infectious dz such as FeLV, FIV, ehrlichiosis)
  • inc. consumption (autoimmune, DIC, sepsis)
40
Q

Monocyts

A
  • derived from bone marrow

- transform to macs in tissues shortly after entering circulation

41
Q

Macrophage fxs

A
  • synthesis of certain complement components, transferrin, IL-1, IFN, lysozyme
  • process and present Ag
  • phagocytize and digest dead tissue or foreign particulate matter
  • can act as reservoir for certain intracellular pathogens (mycobacterium, leishmania, FIV)
42
Q

CS of mycobacterium infection

A
  • in cats
  • pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, weight loss, coughing, lameness
  • head/neck abscesses
43
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • begin in bone marrow but mature in other sites (thymus –> T cells, lymphoid tissue or marrow –> B cells)
  • most circulating lymphs are T cells
44
Q

T cell fx

A
  • cell-mediated immunity
  • part of adaptive immune system
  • can present Ag
45
Q

Viral causes of lymphopenia

A
  • parvo (infects rapidly dividing cells)
  • FeLV (infects CD4 and CD8 T cells)
  • FIV (infects CD4 cells and macs)
46
Q

Which disease processes can activate clotting cascade?

A
  • Rickettsial diseases
  • sepsis
  • viremia
  • protozoal infections
47
Q

Immune complex disease

A

Deposition of immune complexes in renal tissue and/or blood vessels –> vasculitis, nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria, clotting), polyarthritis

-rxn to chronic and/or systemic infections

48
Q

Deficiency or disorders of complement –>

A

Increased susceptibility to infections such as:

  • pyoderma
  • pneumonia
  • cellulitis
  • chronic stomatitis
  • osteomyelitis
49
Q

Lymphatic system components

A 
LNs
Spleen
Tonsils
Peyers patches
GALT and BALT
50
Q

Common causes of mild lymphadenopathy

A
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Blastomycosis
  • Canine ehrlichiosis
  • Neorickettsia
51
Q

Common causes of MARKED lymphadenopathy

A
  • Disseminated (FeLV, FIV assoc. lymphosarcoma)

- isolated bacterial abscess

52
Q

1ary organ for hemolysis of RBCs

A

Spleen

53
Q

Spleen eliminates what from circulation?

A

Heinze bodies
Hemoparasites
Hemobacteria
Nuclear remnants from cells

(As RBCs squeeze through sinusoids)

54
Q

Cytauxzoon felis found in what states?

A

Southeast US

55
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi found in what states?

A

TX, LA, SC

56
Q

Hepatozoon canis found in what states?

A

TX, LA, OK

57
Q

Shifting leg lameness sign of what tick dz?

A

Rickettsial dz

58
Q

Intermittent nosebleeds sign of what tick dz?

A

Leishmania

Ehrlichia

59
Q

CS of anemia

A
  • weakness
  • pale mm
  • tachypnea (poor O2 delivery)
  • high pitch systolic functional heart murmur
  • icterus w/ IV hemolysis
  • possibly discolored urine
60
Q

CS of leukopenia

A

(Mainly related to sepsis)
-inappetance, fever, shock, depression, painful abd (peritonitis), painful joints, hyperesthesia (painful response to touch), hemorrhage or thrombosis (DIC)

61
Q

CS of leukocytosis

A
  • fever
  • Inappetence
  • pain/swelling at affected sits
62
Q

CS of thrombocytopenia

A
  • petechia +/- ecchymosis
  • prolonged bleeding from venipuncture sites
  • exclusive platelet problem if
63
Q

CS of RMSF

A
  • mild generalized lymphadenopathy
  • stupor/altered mental status
  • myalgia/arthralgia
  • dyspnea
  • edema of extremities
64
Q

CS of leishmania

A
  • mild generalized lymphadenopathy
  • cachexia
  • epistaxis
  • hyperkeratosis of skin +/- nodules
65
Q

General CS of mild generalized lymphadenopathy:

A

Fever, inappetence, lethargy, episodic lameness

-assoc. with Borrelia, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, systemic mycosis

66
Q

Erythrocytic Mycoplasmal infection transmission

A
  • Mycoplasma haemofelis (worse) or haemominutum (chronic)

- trans. By ticks, fleas, ingestion of blood, vertical transmission

67
Q

CS, Ddx, Pathogenesis of erythrocytic mycoplasmal infection

A
  • CS of anemia, splenomegaly
  • Ddx: immune-mediated dz, FeLV
  • Path: intermittent parasitemia, immune-mediated RBC destruction
68
Q

Dx of erythrocytic mycoplasmal infection

A
  • macrocytic regenerative anemia
  • Coombs test + (supportive only)
  • organisms on RBC on blood smear
  • PCR (gold standard)
69
Q

Tx of erythrocytic mycoplasmal infection

A

-Doxy
-pred if autoagglutination present
-enrofloxacin if resistant to Doxy
+/- blood transfusion

SA Microbiology (10 decks)

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