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SA Microbiology > L07: Circulatory System & Lymphoid Tissue (Brown) > Flashcards

L07: Circulatory System & Lymphoid Tissue (Brown) Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial sepsis/septic shock char. By:

A
  • vascular collapse and multi-organ failure
  • “cytokine storm”
  • altered organ perfusion
  • CS: fever, tachypnea, hypothermia
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2
Q

Bacterial agents assoc. with sepsis

A

Gram negative:

  • enterobacteriaceae
  • Pseudomonas sp.

Gram positive:

  • Staphylococcus sp.
  • Strep
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3
Q

The sepsis pathway

A

1) LPS and other bacterial components interact with endothelium, neuts, and monocytes
2) endothelium increases TF, adhesion molecules, etc. –> procoagulant effect
3) activated neuts –> reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cytokines, prostaglandin release
3) activated monocytes –> prostaglandin release
4) meanwhile, complement, kinins, lysosomal enzymes released
5) all of the above leads to microvascular occlusion and vascular instabilitiy –> coagulopathy, fever, vasodilation, leaky capillaries, and ultimately sepsis and multi-organ failure

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4
Q

Most definitive tests for dx of infections of hemolymphatic system

A

CBC/blood smear
Serology (IFA, ELISA)
Cultures (blood, tissue aspirates)

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5
Q

Canine adenovirus I causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

DIC
Oral petichial hemorrhage
Lymphadenopathy

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6
Q

Canine distemper causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Leukopenia

Myocarditis (neonates)

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7
Q

Canine herpesvirus I causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A
  • Generalized ecchymotic hemorrhage (neonates)

- lymphoid necrosis

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8
Q

Canine parvovirus causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Leukopenia
Lymphoid necrosis
Myocarditis

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9
Q

FIV causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Anemia
Leukopenia
Lymphadenopathy
2ary infections

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10
Q

FIP causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Immune complex vasculitis/perivasculitis
Lymphadenopathy
Pericardial effusion

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11
Q

Feline panleukopenia virus causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Leukopenia

Mesenteric lymphadenopathy

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12
Q

Feline leukemia virus causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A 
Anemia
Lymphoid depletion
Lymphosarcoma
Myeloproliferative dz
2ary infections
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13
Q

Feline sarcoma virus causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Fibrosarcomas

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14
Q

Bartonella sp. in dogs causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Valvular endocarditis

Heart murmur

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15
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias

Myocarditis

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16
Q

Ehrlichia canis causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A 
Anemia
Bleeding tendencies
Lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly
Limb edema
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17
Q

Erysipelothrix sp. in dogs causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Heart murmur
Emboli
Valvular endocarditis

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18
Q

Leptospira sp. in dogs causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Generalized hemorrhage
Jaundic
Septicemia

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19
Q

Neorickettsia helminthoeca (salmon poisoning) in dogs causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Lymphadenopathy

Splenomegaly

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20
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mt. Spotted Fever) in dogs causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A 
Edema
Hemorrhage
Lymphadenopathy
Myocarditis
Vascular obstruction
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21
Q

Mycoplasma haemofelis (feline infectious anemia) in cats causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Anemia
Icterus
Splenomegaly

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22
Q

Francisella tularensis in cats causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Leukopenia
Lymphadenopathy
Lymph node abscesses
Splenomegaly

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23
Q

Streptococcus canis (cat strangles) causes what cardiovascular/lymphatic issues?

A

Cervical lymphadenitis

Lymph node abscesses

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24
Q

Causes of intravascular hemolysis (injury of RBCs in circulation)

A 
Chemicals
Immune-mediated
Infectious: 
-sepsis; most commonly Leptospira and Clostridia*
-Babesia
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25
3 subspecies of Babesia canis
1) Vogeli - causes mild dz 2) Canis - can cause severe hemolytic dz 3) Rossi - can cause severe hemolytic dz
26
Trans. Of Babesia canis
Ticks, bites, blood transfusions
27
Babesia gibsoni chars.
- trans. Similar to B. Canis - increasing number of cases esp. In pit bulls, american stafforshire terriers - causes hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia
28
Babesia canis subsp. Presenti
- emerging dz of cats - assoc. with heavy tick infestation - CS can be none or severe (lethargy, anorexia, pyrexia, icterus, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia)
29
Babesia and blood donors
- parasites circulate intermittently; screen donors initially twice 2-4 wks apart, then recheck q6mo. - screen blood smears - IFA test - ELISA for B. Canis - use aggressive tick control
30
Normocytic normochromic anemia
- anemia of chronic dz - caused by dysregulation of iron sequestration by mononuclear phagocyte system - chronic infections of Histoplasmosis, Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasmosis, FIP, FeLV, and FIV can cause - Ehrlichia canis causes bone marrow aplasia
31
Chars. Of neuts
- primary defense against tissue invasion by microbes - participate in Ab-mediated cellular cytotoxicity - can phagocytize and release proteases - rapidly mobilize in response to chemotactic tissue factors (chemokines, certain cytokines) - bands present with increased demand - immature forms/toxicity present with increased granulation (Dohle bodies)
32
Components of hemolymphatic system
Cells: - erythrocytes - neuts - platelets - monocyts/macs - lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) Major organs -lymph nodes and spleen
33
Causes of neutropenia
- increased consumption (ie. Sepsis) | - decreased production (ie toxin, drugs, myeloproliferative diseases, infectious causes, sepsis)
34
Viral causes of dec. neutrophil prod. In cats
- parvovirus | - FeLV and FIV (retroviruses)
35
Ehrlichiosis --> leukopenia in dogs how?
Primarily due to marrow aplasia
36
Parvovirus --> leukopenia in dogs how?
Affects bone marrow stem cells because it infects rapidly dividing cells
37
Platelets circulate for how long?
~ 10 days
38
Platelet count below what level clinically significant?
39
Causes of thrombocytopenia
- decreased production (bone marrow disorders including neoplasia, chemotherapy, infectious dz such as FeLV, FIV, ehrlichiosis) - inc. consumption (autoimmune, DIC, sepsis)
40
Monocyts
- derived from bone marrow | - transform to macs in tissues shortly after entering circulation
41
Macrophage fxs
- synthesis of certain complement components, transferrin, IL-1, IFN, lysozyme - process and present Ag - phagocytize and digest dead tissue or foreign particulate matter - can act as reservoir for certain intracellular pathogens (mycobacterium, leishmania, FIV)
42
CS of mycobacterium infection
- in cats - pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, weight loss, coughing, lameness - head/neck abscesses
43
Lymphocytes
- begin in bone marrow but mature in other sites (thymus --> T cells, lymphoid tissue or marrow --> B cells) - most circulating lymphs are T cells
44
T cell fx
- cell-mediated immunity - part of adaptive immune system - can present Ag
45
Viral causes of lymphopenia
- parvo (infects rapidly dividing cells) - FeLV (infects CD4 and CD8 T cells) - FIV (infects CD4 cells and macs)
46
Which disease processes can activate clotting cascade?
- Rickettsial diseases - sepsis - viremia - protozoal infections
47
Immune complex disease
Deposition of immune complexes in renal tissue and/or blood vessels --> vasculitis, nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria, clotting), polyarthritis -rxn to chronic and/or systemic infections
48
Deficiency or disorders of complement -->
Increased susceptibility to infections such as: - pyoderma - pneumonia - cellulitis - chronic stomatitis - osteomyelitis
49
Lymphatic system components
``` LNs Spleen Tonsils Peyers patches GALT and BALT ```
50
Common causes of mild lymphadenopathy
- Histoplasmosis - Blastomycosis - Canine ehrlichiosis - Neorickettsia
51
Common causes of MARKED lymphadenopathy
- Disseminated (FeLV, FIV assoc. lymphosarcoma) | - isolated bacterial abscess
52
1ary organ for hemolysis of RBCs
Spleen
53
Spleen eliminates what from circulation?
Heinze bodies Hemoparasites Hemobacteria Nuclear remnants from cells (As RBCs squeeze through sinusoids)
54
Cytauxzoon felis found in what states?
Southeast US
55
Trypanosoma cruzi found in what states?
TX, LA, SC
56
Hepatozoon canis found in what states?
TX, LA, OK
57
Shifting leg lameness sign of what tick dz?
Rickettsial dz
58
Intermittent nosebleeds sign of what tick dz?
Leishmania | Ehrlichia
59
CS of anemia
- weakness - pale mm - tachypnea (poor O2 delivery) - high pitch systolic functional heart murmur - icterus w/ IV hemolysis - possibly discolored urine
60
CS of leukopenia
(Mainly related to sepsis) -inappetance, fever, shock, depression, painful abd (peritonitis), painful joints, hyperesthesia (painful response to touch), hemorrhage or thrombosis (DIC)
61
CS of leukocytosis
- fever - Inappetence - pain/swelling at affected sits
62
CS of thrombocytopenia
- petechia +/- ecchymosis - prolonged bleeding from venipuncture sites * exclusive platelet problem if
63
CS of RMSF
- mild generalized lymphadenopathy - stupor/altered mental status - myalgia/arthralgia - dyspnea - edema of extremities
64
CS of leishmania
- mild generalized lymphadenopathy - cachexia - epistaxis - hyperkeratosis of skin +/- nodules
65
General CS of mild generalized lymphadenopathy:
Fever, inappetence, lethargy, episodic lameness -assoc. with Borrelia, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, systemic mycosis
66
Erythrocytic Mycoplasmal infection transmission
- Mycoplasma haemofelis (worse) or haemominutum (chronic) | - trans. By ticks, fleas, ingestion of blood, vertical transmission
67
CS, Ddx, Pathogenesis of erythrocytic mycoplasmal infection
- CS of anemia, splenomegaly - Ddx: immune-mediated dz, FeLV - Path: intermittent parasitemia, immune-mediated RBC destruction
68
Dx of erythrocytic mycoplasmal infection
- macrocytic regenerative anemia - Coombs test + (supportive only) - organisms on RBC on blood smear - PCR (gold standard)
69
Tx of erythrocytic mycoplasmal infection
-Doxy -pred if autoagglutination present -enrofloxacin if resistant to Doxy +/- blood transfusion

SA Microbiology (10 decks)

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