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SA Microbiology > L05: Respiratory System (Brown) > Flashcards

L05: Respiratory System (Brown) Flashcards

1
Q

Tracheobronchial region defense mechs.

A
  • mucociliary apparatus moves cranially
  • cough reflux
  • MALT (cellular and humoral responses)
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2
Q

Pulmonary region defense mechs.

A
  • mucous
  • pulmonary alveolar macs
  • other lymphocytes from blood
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3
Q

Microbial flora of URT (nasal cavity, pharynx) in BOTH dogs and cats

A 
Staph (coag-positive more severe)
Strep
Corynebacterium
E. Coli
Pasteurella multocida
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Mycoplasma
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4
Q

Microbial flora in URT more common in CATS

A

Micrococcus

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5
Q

Microbial flora in URT more common in DOGS

A 
Bacillus
Neisseria
Enterobacter
Moraxella
Proteus
Alcaligenes
Clostridium
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6
Q

CS of URTD

A

Sneezing, stertor, stridor, nasal d/c, voice change, facial deformity, epistaxis

Coughing, gagging, choking, open-mouth breathing, inspiratory dyspnea, halitosis

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7
Q

Bacterial rhinitis usually 2ary to:

A
  • nasal trauma
  • FB
  • reflux
  • oronasal fistula
  • neoplasia
  • dental dz
  • viral, fungal, parasitic infection
  • bacterial bronchopneumonia

*abx may only clear 2ary bacterial infection

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8
Q

Possible causes of SEROUS nasal d/c

A

Nasal mites
Allergy
Early viral infection
Stress

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9
Q

Possible causes of MUCOID or MUCOPURULENT nasal d/c

A 
Systemic dz
Oronasal/periodontal dz
Nasal neoplasia
Inflammatory nasal disease (reactive or primary)
Fungal rhinitis
FB
2ary bacterial infection
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10
Q

Possible causes of epistaxis

A 
Systemic dz
Trauma
Nasal neoplasia
Fungal rhinitis
Inflammatory nasal dz
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11
Q

Viral agents assoc. with feline URTD

A

Calicivirus
Feline rhinotracheitis (feline herpesvirus 1)
Chlamydophyla felis
FELV/FIV associated disease

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12
Q

Non-viral agents assoc. with feline URTD

A

Mycoplasma
Reovirus
Fungal rhinitis (cryptococcus neoformans)
Bacterial rhinitis

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13
Q

Tables slide 5-6

A

:)

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14
Q

Chars. Of cryptococcus neoformans in cats

A
  • most common fungal infection in cats**
  • comes from pigeon droppings (ubiquitous saprophyte)
  • can disseminate to eyes, CNS, skin on head
  • tx: long-term antifungals (fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole)
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15
Q

Feline chronic rhinitis/sinusitis cause

A
  • accounts for ~35% of feline rhinitis (uncommon in dog)
  • viral RT infections + impaired immune response causes mucosal and turbinate damage
  • recurring 2ary bacterial infections established (can be commensals; bordetella and mycoplasma suspected but unknown)
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16
Q

Feline chronic rhinitis/sinusitis prognosis and tx

A

Prognosis: guarded, cure unlikely

Tx: supportive:

  • mucolytics, decongestants
  • antivirals have little efficacy
  • long-term (2-4 mo.) of abx
  • short-term abx select for Pseudomonas spp.**
  • severe cases may require perforation or excision of turbinate
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17
Q

Common abx used for management of CRS**

A 
Clavamox
Azithromycin
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Doxycycline
Marbofloxacin
Metronidazole
Pradofloxacin

all except Metronidazole will not be effective against or will result in resistant Pseudomonas

*Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, and Doxy can cause esophagitis and/or immunomodulatory effects

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18
Q

Microbial flora of LRT

A

Most common:

  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Moraxella
  • Klebsiella
  • Enterobacter
  • Corynebacterium

Generally result from aspiration from URT

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19
Q

CS of LRTD

A

Cough, gagging, panting, tachypnea, exercise intolerance, open-mouth breathing

Expiratory dyspnea

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20
Q

CS of Pleural disease

A

INSPIRATORY dyspnea usually w/o stridor

Cough, gag, pant, tachypnea, ex. Intolerance, open-mouth breathing

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21
Q

LRT =

A

Intrathoracic trachea, bronchial tree, pulmonary parenchyma

22
Q

Canine Infectious Resp. Disease (CIRD) aka Kennel Cough causative components

A

Viral:

  • K9 adenovirus, K9 parainfluenza most common
  • also: coronavirus, influenza, herpesvirus

2ary bacterial:

  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
  • Strep canis
  • Mycoplasma cynos
  • Strep equi zooepidemicus (
23
Q

2 forms of CIRD

A

Uncomplicated and complicated (pneumonia)

24
Q

Dx of complicated CIRD

A
  • TTW w/ culture/cytology
  • CBC/Chem (inflammatory leukogram)
  • rads (intersitial, segmental atelectasis)
  • acute/convalescent serology for viral agents
25
Q

Transmission, incubation, and clinical course of CIRD

A

Trans: direct contact, indirect contact (fomites), aerosols

Incub: 3-10d

Clinical course: 6-10 days (uncomplicated)

26
Q

With CIRD, if exudate transitions from mucoid to mucopuruent, which agent most suspected as cause?

A

Bordetella

27
Q

Natural upper resp. Tract defense mechanisms

A
  • resident microbes
  • vibrissae (hair)
  • nasal chonchae (inc. turbulence)
  • mucous lining
  • cilia
  • pharyngeal lymphoid tissue (MALT)
  • sneeze reflex
28
Q

Prevention of CIRD

A
  • parenteral and intranasal vax avail.
  • takes at least 5d to be effective
  • IN evokes local mucosal immunity and has no interaction w/ maternal Ab
  • provides 3-10 mo. Of immunity against Bordetella, and 3 yrs. against viruses
  • IN vax can have side effects 2-5d post-vax
29
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica zoonotic?

A

Yes - to immunosuppressed, children

30
Q

Prevalence of Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats

A
  • 30-80% in multicat households
  • unknown significance
  • upper and lower RD reported
  • vax NOT recommended in cats unless high density or known outbreak
31
Q

Diagnostics for Bordetella bronchiseptica

A
  • CBC, Chem, U/A
  • Rads
  • TTW, BAL +/- lung aspirates
  • culture if pulmonary abscesses
  • fungal culture if rads supportive
  • can do virus isolation, PCR, serology if viral etiology suspected
32
Q

Most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in young dogs

A

Viral infection followed by secondary bacterial infection, often with opportunistic normal airway flora (hematogenous spread less common)

33
Q

Most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in older dogs

A

Aspiration pneumonia/FB

34
Q

Tx of bacterial pneumonia

A
  • ID underlying cause
  • abx
  • control of airway secretion
35
Q

HOST factors that predispose to bacterial pneumonia

A
  • age
  • metabolic dz
  • poor nutrition
  • neuromuscular dz
  • anatomic abnormalities
  • anesthesia/surgery
36
Q

Environmental factors that predispose to bacterial pneumonia

A
  • high animal density
  • unsanitary conditions
  • poor ventilation
  • presence of young/unvaccinated
  • stress
  • presence of animals with URTD
  • **concurrent viral infection
37
Q

Most common pathogens assoc. with bacterial pneumonia

A

Gram +: staph, strep, enterococcus

Gram -: E. Coli, pseudomonas, Bordetella, Pasteurella, Klebsiella, Actinobacillus

Anaerobic: bacteroides, clostridium, fusobacterium

38
Q

Tx of mild pneumonia

A

TMS or clavamox

39
Q

Tx of moderate pneumonia

A

Clavamox + enrofloxacin

Or Amikacin

40
Q

Tx of severe pneumonia

A

Clavamox + enrofloxacin or

Timentin-clavulanic acid or meropenem or imipenem

41
Q

Viral pneumonia usually causes URTD or LRTD?

A

URTD, char. By uncomplicated pneumonitis

-pneumonia rare (exceptions: CDV, influenza viruses)

42
Q

Bacterial-viral synergism

A

Virus decreases pulmonary antibacterial defenses:

  • loss of ciliated epithelial cells –> dec. clearance
  • cellular desquamation, protein leakage –> media for bacterial growth
  • dec. surfactant production
  • dec. macrophage chemotaxis

*leads to chronic interstitial pneumonia –> pulmonary fibrosis –> asthma/COPD

43
Q

Systemic mycoses that can cause fungal pneumonia

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidiodes immitis
Cryptococcus neoformans

+/- Aspergillis, Sporotrichosis, Candida

44
Q

Lower resp. Pathogens of cats

A 
Pasteurella 
E. Coli
Staph
Strep
Pseudomonas
B. Bronchiseptica
\+/- Mycoplasma
45
Q

Agents responsible for serofibrinous pleural effusions

A
  • Infectious canine hepatitis virus
  • Lepto
  • distemper
  • other canine and feline viral URD
  • tuberculosis
46
Q

Agents responsible for granulomatous/pyogranulomatous pleural effusions

A

FIP

Fungal

47
Q

Causes of bacterial or fungal pleural effusions

A
  • penetrating thoracic wounds
  • extension from pneumonia
  • migrating FB
  • esophageal perforations
  • extensions from cervical lumbar or mediastinal infections
  • hematogenous
48
Q

Pathogens most assoc. with pyothorax in dogs

A

Anaerobic bacteria: fusobacterium, nocardia asteroides, actinomyces

49
Q

Pathogens most assoc. with pyothorax in cats

A

Pasteurella multocida and anaerobes

50
Q

Fungal causes of pyothorax (rare)

A

Blastomyces
Candida
Aspergillus
Cryptococcus

51
Q

Tx for pyothorax

A
  • drain and lavage
  • supportive care (fluids, abx)
  • FB removal if applicable

SA Microbiology (10 decks)

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