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SA Microbiology > L05: Respiratory System (Brown) > Flashcards

L05: Respiratory System (Brown) Flashcards

1
Q

Tracheobronchial region defense mechs.

A
  • mucociliary apparatus moves cranially
  • cough reflux
  • MALT (cellular and humoral responses)
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2
Q

Pulmonary region defense mechs.

A
  • mucous
  • pulmonary alveolar macs
  • other lymphocytes from blood
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3
Q

Microbial flora of URT (nasal cavity, pharynx) in BOTH dogs and cats

A 
Staph (coag-positive more severe)
Strep
Corynebacterium
E. Coli
Pasteurella multocida
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Mycoplasma
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4
Q

Microbial flora in URT more common in CATS

A

Micrococcus

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5
Q

Microbial flora in URT more common in DOGS

A 
Bacillus
Neisseria
Enterobacter
Moraxella
Proteus
Alcaligenes
Clostridium
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6
Q

CS of URTD

A

Sneezing, stertor, stridor, nasal d/c, voice change, facial deformity, epistaxis

Coughing, gagging, choking, open-mouth breathing, inspiratory dyspnea, halitosis

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7
Q

Bacterial rhinitis usually 2ary to:

A
  • nasal trauma
  • FB
  • reflux
  • oronasal fistula
  • neoplasia
  • dental dz
  • viral, fungal, parasitic infection
  • bacterial bronchopneumonia

*abx may only clear 2ary bacterial infection

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8
Q

Possible causes of SEROUS nasal d/c

A

Nasal mites
Allergy
Early viral infection
Stress

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9
Q

Possible causes of MUCOID or MUCOPURULENT nasal d/c

A 
Systemic dz
Oronasal/periodontal dz
Nasal neoplasia
Inflammatory nasal disease (reactive or primary)
Fungal rhinitis
FB
2ary bacterial infection
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10
Q

Possible causes of epistaxis

A 
Systemic dz
Trauma
Nasal neoplasia
Fungal rhinitis
Inflammatory nasal dz
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11
Q

Viral agents assoc. with feline URTD

A

Calicivirus
Feline rhinotracheitis (feline herpesvirus 1)
Chlamydophyla felis
FELV/FIV associated disease

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12
Q

Non-viral agents assoc. with feline URTD

A

Mycoplasma
Reovirus
Fungal rhinitis (cryptococcus neoformans)
Bacterial rhinitis

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13
Q

Tables slide 5-6

A

:)

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14
Q

Chars. Of cryptococcus neoformans in cats

A
  • most common fungal infection in cats**
  • comes from pigeon droppings (ubiquitous saprophyte)
  • can disseminate to eyes, CNS, skin on head
  • tx: long-term antifungals (fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole)
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15
Q

Feline chronic rhinitis/sinusitis cause

A
  • accounts for ~35% of feline rhinitis (uncommon in dog)
  • viral RT infections + impaired immune response causes mucosal and turbinate damage
  • recurring 2ary bacterial infections established (can be commensals; bordetella and mycoplasma suspected but unknown)
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16
Q

Feline chronic rhinitis/sinusitis prognosis and tx

A

Prognosis: guarded, cure unlikely

Tx: supportive:

  • mucolytics, decongestants
  • antivirals have little efficacy
  • long-term (2-4 mo.) of abx
  • short-term abx select for Pseudomonas spp.**
  • severe cases may require perforation or excision of turbinate
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17
Q

Common abx used for management of CRS**

A 
Clavamox
Azithromycin
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Doxycycline
Marbofloxacin
Metronidazole
Pradofloxacin

all except Metronidazole will not be effective against or will result in resistant Pseudomonas

*Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, and Doxy can cause esophagitis and/or immunomodulatory effects

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18
Q

Microbial flora of LRT

A

Most common:

  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Moraxella
  • Klebsiella
  • Enterobacter
  • Corynebacterium

Generally result from aspiration from URT

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19
Q

CS of LRTD

A

Cough, gagging, panting, tachypnea, exercise intolerance, open-mouth breathing

Expiratory dyspnea

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20
Q

CS of Pleural disease

A

INSPIRATORY dyspnea usually w/o stridor

Cough, gag, pant, tachypnea, ex. Intolerance, open-mouth breathing

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21
Q

LRT =

A

Intrathoracic trachea, bronchial tree, pulmonary parenchyma

22
Q

Canine Infectious Resp. Disease (CIRD) aka Kennel Cough causative components

A

Viral:

  • K9 adenovirus, K9 parainfluenza most common
  • also: coronavirus, influenza, herpesvirus

2ary bacterial:

  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
  • Strep canis
  • Mycoplasma cynos
  • Strep equi zooepidemicus (
23
Q

2 forms of CIRD

A

Uncomplicated and complicated (pneumonia)

24
Q

Dx of complicated CIRD

A
  • TTW w/ culture/cytology
  • CBC/Chem (inflammatory leukogram)
  • rads (intersitial, segmental atelectasis)
  • acute/convalescent serology for viral agents
25
Transmission, incubation, and clinical course of CIRD
Trans: direct contact, indirect contact (fomites), aerosols Incub: 3-10d Clinical course: 6-10 days (uncomplicated)
26
With CIRD, if exudate transitions from mucoid to mucopuruent, which agent most suspected as cause?
Bordetella
27
Natural upper resp. Tract defense mechanisms
- resident microbes - vibrissae (hair) - nasal chonchae (inc. turbulence) - mucous lining - cilia - pharyngeal lymphoid tissue (MALT) - sneeze reflex
28
Prevention of CIRD
- parenteral and intranasal vax avail. - takes at least 5d to be effective - IN evokes local mucosal immunity and has no interaction w/ maternal Ab - provides 3-10 mo. Of immunity against Bordetella, and 3 yrs. against viruses - IN vax can have side effects 2-5d post-vax
29
Bordetella bronchiseptica zoonotic?
Yes - to immunosuppressed, children
30
Prevalence of Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats
- 30-80% in multicat households - unknown significance - upper and lower RD reported - vax NOT recommended in cats unless high density or known outbreak
31
Diagnostics for Bordetella bronchiseptica
- CBC, Chem, U/A - Rads - TTW, BAL +/- lung aspirates - culture if pulmonary abscesses - fungal culture if rads supportive - can do virus isolation, PCR, serology if viral etiology suspected
32
Most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in young dogs
Viral infection followed by secondary bacterial infection, often with opportunistic normal airway flora (hematogenous spread less common)
33
Most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in older dogs
Aspiration pneumonia/FB
34
Tx of bacterial pneumonia
- ID underlying cause - abx - control of airway secretion
35
HOST factors that predispose to bacterial pneumonia
- age - metabolic dz - poor nutrition - neuromuscular dz - anatomic abnormalities - anesthesia/surgery
36
Environmental factors that predispose to bacterial pneumonia
- high animal density - unsanitary conditions - poor ventilation - presence of young/unvaccinated - stress - presence of animals with URTD - **concurrent viral infection
37
Most common pathogens assoc. with bacterial pneumonia
Gram +: staph, strep, enterococcus Gram -: E. Coli, pseudomonas, Bordetella, Pasteurella, Klebsiella, Actinobacillus Anaerobic: bacteroides, clostridium, fusobacterium
38
Tx of mild pneumonia
TMS or clavamox
39
Tx of moderate pneumonia
Clavamox + enrofloxacin | Or Amikacin
40
Tx of severe pneumonia
Clavamox + enrofloxacin or | Timentin-clavulanic acid or meropenem or imipenem
41
Viral pneumonia usually causes URTD or LRTD?
URTD, char. By uncomplicated pneumonitis -pneumonia rare (exceptions: CDV, influenza viruses)
42
Bacterial-viral synergism
Virus decreases pulmonary antibacterial defenses: - loss of ciliated epithelial cells --> dec. clearance - cellular desquamation, protein leakage --> media for bacterial growth - dec. surfactant production - dec. macrophage chemotaxis *leads to chronic interstitial pneumonia --> pulmonary fibrosis --> asthma/COPD
43
Systemic mycoses that can cause fungal pneumonia
Histoplasma capsulatum Blastomyces dermatitidis Coccidiodes immitis Cryptococcus neoformans +/- Aspergillis, Sporotrichosis, Candida
44
Lower resp. Pathogens of cats
``` Pasteurella E. Coli Staph Strep Pseudomonas B. Bronchiseptica +/- Mycoplasma ```
45
Agents responsible for serofibrinous pleural effusions
- Infectious canine hepatitis virus - Lepto - distemper - other canine and feline viral URD - tuberculosis
46
Agents responsible for granulomatous/pyogranulomatous pleural effusions
FIP | Fungal
47
Causes of bacterial or fungal pleural effusions
- penetrating thoracic wounds - extension from pneumonia - migrating FB - esophageal perforations - extensions from cervical lumbar or mediastinal infections - hematogenous
48
Pathogens most assoc. with pyothorax in dogs
Anaerobic bacteria: fusobacterium, nocardia asteroides, actinomyces
49
Pathogens most assoc. with pyothorax in cats
Pasteurella multocida and anaerobes
50
Fungal causes of pyothorax (rare)
Blastomyces Candida Aspergillus Cryptococcus
51
Tx for pyothorax
- drain and lavage - supportive care (fluids, abx) - FB removal if applicable

SA Microbiology (10 decks)

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