L01: Systems Approach (Brown) Flashcards
Gram positive rods (9)
Actinomycetes Bacillus Coryneform Erysipelothrix Listeria Mycobacterium Nocardia Rhodococcus Streptomyces
Gram negative aerobes
Actinobacillus Aeromonas Bartonella Bordetella Brucella Burkholderia Capnocytophaga Citrobacter Enterobacter Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia Francisella Haemophilus Klebsiella Legionella Moraxella Neisseria Pasteurella Pseudomonas Salmonella Serratia Shigella Vibrio Yersinia
Which gram negative aerobe has LPS toxin and has great ability to share plasmids back and forth, therefore contributing to resistance?
Enterobacteriaceae
Gram negative rods, curved-spiral shaped
Borrelia Campylobacter Helicobacter Leptonema Leptospira Treponema
Mycoplasmas and obligate intracelluars
Chlamydia Coxiella Ehrlichia* Mycoplasma Rickettsia* Ureaplasma * = vector-borne
Gram positive anaerobes
Actinomyces
Clostridium (forms spores and toxins)
Lactobacillus
*assoc. with deep infections, often refractory to treatment
Gram negative anaerobes
Bacteroides
Fusobacterium
Canine adenovirus –> what disease? What kind of virus is it?
Infectious canine hepatitis
-DS linear DNA virus, nonenveloped
Name 2 DS linear DNA ENVELOPED viruses in small animal
Canine herpesvirus 1,2
Feline viral rhinotracheitis virus
What type of virus is canine (and feline) parvovirus?
SS linear DNA, non-enveloped
*feline panleukopenia = feline parvovirus
What type of virus is feline pox virus?
DS linear DNA enveloped virus
Which type of viruses contains important foreign animal disease agents?**
Poxviridae:
DS linear DNA, enveloped
Paramyxoviridae (SS linear)
Bunyaviriae (ie. Rift Valley fever virus, Hantavirus)
Adenoviridae = DS linear DNA nonenveloped
Herpesviridae = DS linear DNA enveloped
Parvoviridae = SS linear DNA nonenveloped
Poxviridae = DS linear DNA enveloped, larger in size
**
:)
What type of virus is contagious ecthyma/contagious postular dermatitis/orf virus?
DS linear DNA enveloped
Gram positive cocci (4)
Enterococcus
Micrococcus
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Classes of RNA viruses
Arenaviridae (canine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus)
Astroviridae (feline astrovirus - gastroenteritis)
Bunyaviridae
Caliciviridae
Paramyxoviridae (canine distemper, parainfluenza)
Retroviridae (FIV, FeLV)
Coronaviridae (canine coronavirus, feline enteric coronaviruses, FIP)
Rhabdoviridae (rabies)
Types of transmission routes
- aerosol
- oral
- direct contact
- reproductive
- fomite
- traffic
- vector-borne
- zoonotic
- environmental contamination
Review transmission tables slide 8-10…if you want
:)
Methods of dx of microbial infections
- Detection of pathogen (culture, molecular/PCR, Ag detection assay)
- Detection of immune response
- Detection of lesions/microbes associated with lesions
Methods of detection of immune response For dx of microbial infections
1) ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay) –> most commonly used
2) FA (fluorescent antibody test)
3) CF (complement fixation)
4) HA (hemagglutination direct and indirect)
Methods of detection of lesions/microbes assoc. with lesions for dx of microbial infections
- histology/immunohistology
- molecular probes
- electron microscopy
Which rises first: IgM or IgG
IgM
Problems with classical bacterial culture
- slow growing microbes
- fastidious microbes
- non-cultivable microbes
- new molecular techniques faster
- Ag capture assays
- fungal cultures may require different media
PCR
Amplification of target sequence from DNA
Reverse transcription PCR
Amplification of target sequence from RNA
Quantitative real time PCR
Amplification and simultaneous quantification of targeted DNA molecule
Advantages of PCR diagnostics
- fast and efficient
- can use target gene or “generic” primers followed by sequencing
- can IF non-cultivatable or slow-growing microbes
- esp. Good for viruses
Disadvantages of PCR diagnostics
- no isolate = no sensitivity testing**
- easily contaminated; requires rigorous QC
Sensitivity
The proportion of positives that are correctly identified as such
= TP/TP + FN
Higher sensitivity = better at avoiding false negatives
Specificity
The proportion of negatives correctly identified as such
= TN/TN + FP
Higher specificity = better at avoiding false positives
Increasing sensitivity –> decreasing specificity
Positive predictive value
Proportion of positives that are true positives
Negative predictive value
Proportion of negatives that are true negatives
Sampling sites without normal microflora
Blood CSF Joint fluid Bladder, urine SQ Surgical preparation
Sampling sites with normal microflora
Skin
Mucosal sites
Method of choice for sampling anaerobes
Biopsy or needle aspirates
Swabs least desirable
Info to include on biological specimen label
- clear identifier of patient
- source
- specific collection site, date, time of collection
- person that collected specimen
- contact info
- relevant clinical history
“Efficacy” is a function of:
Surface, contact time, product, and dilution
Info required on product label
- use pattern
- site and method of application
- area and type of surfaces on which it may be applied
- contact time
- temp
- pH
- conc.
- mixing directions
- mode of application and dose rates for intended use
- time a diluted and/or mixed disinfectant solution may be kept, reused and stored
Classes of chemical disinfectants
- acids
- alcohols
- aldehydes
- alkalis
- biguanides
- halogens
- oxidizing agents
- phenols
- quartenary ammonium compounds
Most susceptible to most resistant microorganisms
Mycoplasmas Gram + Gram - Pseudomonads Rickettsiae Enveloped viruses Chlamydia Non-enveloped viruses Fungal spores Picornaviruses Parvoviruses Acid-fast bacteria Bacterial spores Coccidia Prions
Quarterinary ammoniums
Roccal Zepharin DiQuat Parvosol D-256 Ascend
Oxidizing agents
Accel H2O2 Peroxyacetic acid Trifectant Virkon S Oxy-Sept 333
Biguanides
Chlorhexidine Novalsan Chlorhex Virosan Hibistat
Halogens
Bleach*
Betadyne
Povidone
Phenols
One-stroke environ Lysol Osyl Amphyl Tektrol Pheno-tek II
Cleaning and disinfection protocol
1) remove all grossly visible debris
2) wash the area or item with water and detergent
3) thoroughly rinse the cleaned area to remove any detergent residue (some disinfectants inactivated by detergents)
4) allow area to dry completely
5) apply appropriate disinfectant
6) allow the proper contact time!
7) thoroughly rinse away any residual disinfectant and allow the area or item to dry
