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SA Microbiology > L04: Digestive System Pt. 2 (Brown) > Flashcards

L04: Digestive System Pt. 2 (Brown) Flashcards

1
Q

Common oral cavity infections

A
  • Gingival and periodontal: Gram - anaerobes ie. Porphyromonas; can be 2ary to FeLV or FIV in cats
  • Histoplasma capsulatum –> oral granulomas in dogs
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2
Q

Stages of periodontal dz

A

1) gingivitis, no attachment loss

2) early periodontitis, 50% loss

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3
Q

Routes of infection of the liver

A
  • portal vein
  • hepatic a.
  • ascending via biliary system
  • contiguous spread from adjacent sites of infection

*can have systemic spread of virus

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4
Q

Common pathogens of the intestines

A

C. Perfringens
Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
Rotavirus

Vaccination decreases viral enteric infection**

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5
Q

Therapy of diarrhea

A
  • fluids
  • electrolyte replacement
  • maintenance of acid/base balance
  • control of discomfort
  • motility-modifying drugs

*bacterial etiology usually not identified, abx effectiveness usually unproved; EXCEPTION: neonates will deteriorate rapidly before C&S results

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6
Q

Diarrhea in neonates

A
  • loss of intestinal mucosal integrity inc. risk of septicemia or endotoxemia –> severe bloody d, fever, scleral injection, dehydration, altered leukogram (early leukopenia followed by leukocytosis)
  • systemic abx w/ NSAIDs WARRANTED
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7
Q

Best abx. For neonatal diarrhea

A

Broad-spec abx:

  • fluoroquinolones**
  • penicillin or cephalosporin + aminoglycosides
  • ampicillin
  • tetracyclines
  • potentiated sulfonamides
  • chloramphenicol

parenteral administration may be needed if GI absorption altered in septic animals

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8
Q

Cause of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

A

Unknown but Clostridium suspected + presence of enterotoxin

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9
Q

CS of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

A
  • Acute onset profuse bloody diarrhea
  • vomiting, anorexia, lethargy, abd. Pain
  • marked peracute fluid loss can precede CS of dehydration**

*small dogs at bigger risk

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10
Q

Most commonly prescribed abx in dogs/cats for dz assoc. gastrointestinal system

A

Dogs:

1) metronidazole
2) Tylosin

Cats:

1) Metronidazole
2) Clavamox

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11
Q

Features of metronidazole

A
  • tx for systemic and enteric obligate anaerobics (ie. Clostridium, fusobacterium, bacteroides), and some protozoa
  • MOA: destroys bacterial DNA fx
  • can’t use in food animals
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12
Q

Features of Tylosin

A
  • macrolide
  • active against most aerobic and anaerobic G+, and atypical mycobacteria, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia sp.
  • MOA: interferes w/ protein synthesis
  • more active at high pH
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13
Q

Natural defense mechs. Of urinary tract

A
  • urine washout
  • bacterial interference via colonization of distal urethra
  • glycoprotein layer
  • epithelial desquamation
  • local/systemic immune system
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14
Q

Antimicrobial properties of urine

A
  • high osmolality
  • urine pH
  • urea, methionine, hippuric & ascorbic acid, ammonium nitrogen in urine have bacteriostatic properties
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15
Q

Natural genital defenses against infection

A

1) anatomic (stratified squamous epithelium, cervix, length of male urethra)
2) hormones (ie. Estrogen)
3) immune system

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16
Q

Normal flora in distal urethra

A

Coag-neg staph
Strep
Corynebacterium
Enterococcus

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17
Q

Normal flora in vulva/prepuce

A 
Diphtheroids
Micrococci
Coliforms
Proteus spp.
Enterococci
Yeasts
Anaerobes
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18
Q

Normal flora in vagina

A 
Alpha/beta hemolytic strep
Coliforms
Proteus spp.
Diphtheroids 
Lactobacilli
Mycoplasmas
Yeast 
Fungi

dynamic flora influenced by hormones, estrus cycle, age, preg. State

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19
Q

Most common infectious dz in dogs

A

UTI

Routes:

  • ascending (most common)
  • hematogenous (rare)

*rare in cats except geriatric cats w/ renal failure

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20
Q

Common fungal and algal infections of the digestive system of the dog

A

Fungi: Histoplasma capsulatum –> d, oral ulcers, wt. loss

Algae: Prototheca –> bloody d, multiorgan system failure

none in cats

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21
Q

CS of UTI

A
  • Dysuria
  • Increased frequency and volume
  • excessive thirst
  • pyuria and/or hematuria
  • crystalluria/uroliths
  • lower back pain
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22
Q

Rule-outs for UTI

A
  • neoplasm of bladder
  • renal masses
  • urinary obstruction
  • urolithiasis
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23
Q

Which breeds predisposed to urolithiasis?

A
  • Miniature schnauzer
  • Dachshund
  • Dalmatian
  • Pug
  • Bulldog
  • Welsh corgi
  • Basset hound
  • Beagle
  • Terriers
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24
Q

Gram POSITIVE Bacteria most likely to cause UTI

A

Enterococcus

Coag-pos staph

24
Q

Gram NEGATIVE Bacteria most likely to cause UTI

A

E. Coli (42-26%)
Proteus mirabilis
Klebsiella sp.
Pseudomonas sp.

25
Q

Most likely pathogens responsible for mastitis in dogs

A

E. Coli

Staphylococcus sp.

26
Q

Abx to treat mastitis in dogs

A

Cephalexin or clavamox

**don’t use tetracycline, chloramphenicol, or aminoglycosides because abx can pass to offspring

27
Q

Predisposing causes of metritis in SA

A

Prolonged delivery
Dystocia
Retained fetuses or placenta

28
Q

Most common pathogens responsible for metritis in SA

A

E. Coli
Strep
Staph
Proteus spp.

29
Q

Primary CS of metritis

A

Purulent vulvar discharge

Others:
Depressed
Febrile
Lethargy
Inappetence
30
Q

Metritis diagnostics/clinical findings

A
  • Large/flaccid uterus on palpation
  • rads to determine if fetuses or placentas are retained
  • chemistry: +/- leukocytosis with left shift
31
Q

Tx of metritis in SA

A
  • IV fluids
  • supportive care
  • abx based on C/S
  • prostaglandin to evacuate uterine contents
  • OVH after stable
32
Q

Cause of pyometra

A
  • Hormonally mediated diestrual disorder –> cystic endometrial hyperplasia w/ SECONDARY bacterial infection
  • usually in older bitches (>5 yrs) 4-6 wks post estrus
33
Q

Factors assoc. with occurrence of pyometra

A
  • use of long lasting progestational compounds to delay or suppress estrus
  • admin. Of estrogens to mismatched bitches
  • postinsemination or postcopulation infections
34
Q

Why is pyometra less common in queens than bitches?

A

Queens require copulatory stimulation to ovulate and produce progesterone from CL

35
Q

Most common pathogens assoc. with pyometra

A

E. Coli #1

Others: staph, strep, pseudomonas, proteus spp., etc.

36
Q

CS of pyometra

A

-Variable; lethargy, dehydration, anorexia, PU/PD, vomiting
-20% of cases have fever
+/- shock
-uterine enlargement, sanguinous to mucopurulent vaginal discharge

37
Q

When most common time to see pyometra?

A

During diestrus (4-8 wks after estrus), or after admin. Of exogenous progestins

38
Q

Chemistry findings of pyometra

A
  • normal or leukogram
  • leukocytosis with neutrophilia and left shift
  • *leukopenia may occur if animal is septic
  • mild normocytic normochromic nonregenerative anemia
  • hyperproteinemia due to hyperglobulinemia
39
Q

Chars. Of prostatitis

A
  • hematogenous or ascending from urethra in origin
  • can cause concurrent UTI
  • usually suppurative and may cause abscesses
  • painful!
40
Q

Potential agents causing prostatitis

A

E. Coli
Staph
Strep
Mycoplasma/ureaplasma

41
Q

CS of prostatitis

A
  • pain, fever, dehydration

- septicemia/shock in severe cases

42
Q

Clinical findings of prostatitis

A
  • Chemistry: neutrophilia w/ L shift, monocytosis, +/- toxic WBC
  • UA: hematuria, pyuria, bacteriuria
  • US: hypoechoic areas = pockets of fluid
43
Q

Tx of prostatitis

A
  • fluid therapy if dehydration or shock
  • abx selected from S testing
  • surgically drain large abscesses
  • consider castration after infection resolved
  • chronic bacterial prostatitis difficult to resolve*
44
Q

Which pathogens/viruses linked to abortion in SA?

A

Canine herpesvirus
Brucella canis
Mycoplasma ?

45
Q

Which virus linked to immune complex glomerulonephritis in SA?

A

Canine adenovirus 1

46
Q

Which virus linked to balanoposthitis and female infertility in SA?

A

Canine herpesvirus

+/- Mycoplasma

47
Q

Which pathogens linked to epidydimitis in SA?

A

Brucella canis

E. Coli

48
Q

Which pathogen assoc. with orchitis?

A

E. Coli

49
Q

Which pathogens assoc. with prostatitis?

A

E. Coli

Mycoplasma

50
Q

E. Coli can cause what urogenital issues?

A 
Cystitis
Epidydimitis
Orchitis
Prostatitis
Pyometra
Vaginitis
51
Q

Leptospira sp. assoc. with what urogenital issues?

A

Interstitial nephritis

Renal failure

52
Q

Feline infectious peritonitis virus causes what urogenital issue?

A

Immune-mediated pyogranulomas of kidney

53
Q

Feline leukemia virus causes what urogenital issues?

A

Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
Fetal absorption
Abortion
Renal lymphoma

54
Q

Feline panleukemia virus causes what urogenital issues?

A

Abortion

Congenital abnormalities

55
Q

Feline rhinotracheitis virus causes what urogenital issues?

A

Abortion

56
Q

Most frequently prescribed abx for DOGS with UTI

A

1) Clavamox
2) Amoxicillin
3) Fluoroquinolones
4) Cephalexin
5) Convenia

57
Q

Most frequently prescribed abx for CATS with UTI

A

1) clavamox
2) fluoroquinolones
3) cefovecin
4) amoxicillin
5) cephalexin

SA Microbiology (10 decks)

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