L02: Vaccine Guidelines (Brown) Flashcards
Non-core vaccine
- licensed
- use based on geographical and lifestyle exposure with assessment of risk-benefit ratios
Core canine vaccines (2006 AAHA)
1) Canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2); (MLV parenteral)
2) Canine distemper virus (CDV) (MLV or rCDV)
3) Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) (MLV)
4) Rabies 1 year (killed) or 3 year (killed)
Non-core canine vaccines (2006 AAHA guidelines)
1) Parainfluenza virus (CPIV)
2) Bordetella bronchiseptica (killed bacterin - parenteral; cell wall Ag extract - parenteral)
3) Bordetella bronchiseptica (live avirulent bacteria) + Parainfluenza virus (MLV) - intranasal application
Recommended for at-risk:
4) Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme borreliosis; killed bacterin or recombinant)
5) Crotalus atrox toxoid (rattlesnake vax)
Non-core canine vaccine that has adverse rxns or has better alternative
Distemper-measles virus (MLV)
Canine vaccines that are NOT recommended (insufficient validation)
1) Porphyromonas sp. (periodontal disease vaccine)
2) Babesia vaccines
3) Canine herpesvirus vaccine
4) Canine parvo (KILLED)
5) Canine adenovirus-1 (MLV and killed)
6) CAV-2 (killed or MLV-oral)
7) Canine coronavirus (CCV) (killed and MLV)
8) Leptospira interrogans + canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae serovars (killed bacterin)
#2 and 3 licensed in EU #1 has conditional USDA license
Overall feline vaccination guidelines
Only vax if:
- realistic risk of exposure
- agent causes significant dz
- potential benefits outweigh risks
- no more frequently than necessary
- greatest # possible in at risk populations
- appropriately to protect human/PH
Core feline vax
1) Feline Calicivirus (FCV)
2) Feline herpesvirus -1 (FHV-1)
3) Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) for all kittens
4) Panleukopenia (FPV)
5) Rabies
Non-core, highly recommended feline vax
1) FeLV for adult cats
* Need to test prior to vaccine administration!*
Non-core, recommended for at risk cats only, feline vaccines
1) Bordetella bronchiseptica - intranasal only
2) feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
3) Chlamydophila felis (use in multi-cat environments with confirmed clinical disease) - conjunctival inoculation of vaccine may cause CS of infection
Feline vaccines generally NOT recommended unless at risk
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
Reasons vaccines fail
1) Maternal-derived Ab neutralizes vaccine virus
2) vaccine poorly immunogenic
3) animal is poor responder and fails to recognize vaccinal Ag (underlying immune deficiency)
Active immunization succeeds in >98% of puppies if last vaccine dose given at which age?
14-16 wks
Does maternal Ab affect oral immunization?
NO
Only practical way to ensure a puppy’s immune system has recognized the vaccinal Ag
Testing for Ab
- should test at least 2 weeks after final puppy vaccine
- if positive, booster @ 1 yr, then q3yrs
- if negative, repeat vax + serology. If negative again, pup may be serological non responder and may be unprotected or have cell-mediated immunity or innate immunity affording some protection
Antimicrobial groups that are critically important in both humans and vet med
1) aminoglycosides
2) cephalosporins (3rd + 4th gens)
3) macrolides
4) penicillins
5) quinolones
6) tetracyclines
AVMA recommendations for judicious therapeutic use of abx
1) adhere to guidelines
2) parasite control
3) nutritional counseling
4) dental health care
5) client ed. And preventative health care programs
6) appropriate hygiene + husbandry
7) use of abx only justified if bacterial infection LIKELY to occur
8) confine use to appropriate clinical indications
9) therapeutic alternatives should be considered first
10) C/S results aid in appropriate selection of abx
11) use narrow spectrum abx when possible
12) treat for shortest effective period possible
13) caution with use of abx used to tx refractory infections in humans AND animals
1 prescribed abx
Ampicillin-clavulanate (Clavamox) - also has the worst % of confirmed cases before use
2-5:
2) Cephalexin or cefazolin
3) Enrofloxacin
4) Amoxicillin or ampicillin
5) Doxycycline
Which abx has the highest % of confirmed AND not confirmed infections before use?
Doxycycline
Top 3 worst abx in terms of vets not performing culture before use
1) clavamox
2) cefazolin or cephalexin
3) amoxicillin or ampicillin
Why is resistance not a new event
Most abx have natural origin
Ex: resistance to penicillin occurred the same year it was discovered
Methods of sensitivity testing
- Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion
- Broth dilution
- estrip test (combo of first 2)
- PCR arrays for specific genetic mutations (in development)
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
Lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that prevents visible growth in agar or broth dilution susceptibility test
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
Lowest dilution where NO bacteria survive
-not routinely determined
Breakpoint
MIC or zone diameter value used to indicate susceptible S, intermediate I, and resistant R
NI = not interpreted (means no established breakpoint)