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L03: Integumentary System (Brown) Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial defense mechanisms

A

1) Dryness
2) Desquamation
3) Intercellular “shield” formed by secretions in superficial epidermal layers

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2
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete:

A

Lipids/long chain fatty acids

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3
Q

Sweat glands secrete:

A
  • Lactic, proprionic, acetic and caprylic acids

- NaCl

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4
Q

Other immune compounds secreted by skin

A
  • interferon, lysozyme, transferrin
  • immunoglobulins
  • antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidins, beta-defensins)
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5
Q

Normal skin flora composed of:

A
  • mostly Gram +
  • Acinetobacter spp. (Gram -)
  • lipophilic yeasts in small numbers only (malassezia and pityrosporum spp.)
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6
Q

Coagulase and staph

A

An enzyme that most pathogenic staph produce; allows the organism to clot serum plasma preventing migration of certain macs to site of infections so its a virulence factor

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7
Q

Transient bacteria from distal nares & GI tract

A
  • Coagulase-positive staph spp.*
  • streptococcus
  • E. Coli
  • proteus mirabilis
  • Enterococcus sp.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
  • Anaerobes (fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides melanonogenicus, Bacteroides nodosus) –> assoc. with puss formation**
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8
Q

Bacterial pyoderma

A
  • overgrowth/overcolonization of normal resident or transient flora
  • staph. Pseudointermedius most common agent
  • most commonly in warm moist areas or pressure points
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9
Q

Underlying triggers of superficial pyoderma

A
  • fleas/FAD
  • atopy
  • food allergy
  • hypothyroid
  • hyperadrenocorticism
  • poor grooming
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10
Q

Common causes of recurrent bacterial pyoderma

A
  • failure to ID underlying trigger (ie those in previous slide)
  • abx. Undertreatment (dose or duration)
  • concurrent use of steroids
  • wrong abx
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11
Q

CS of superficial pyoderma in dogs

A

Multifocal areas of alopecia, follicular papules or pustules, epidermal collarettes, and serous crusts

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12
Q

CS of DEEP pyoderma in dogs

A

Pain, crusting, odor, exudation of blood and pus

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13
Q

CS of superficial pyoderma in cats

A

Scaling, miliary dermatitis

*intact pustules rare

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14
Q

CS of DEEP pyoderma in cats

A

Alopecia, ulcerations, hemorrhagic crusts, draining tracts

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15
Q

Potential causes of recurrent nonhealing pyoderma in cats

A

Systemic dz, FIV or FeLeuk, atypical mycobacteria

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16
Q

Best location to get direct impression smears

A
  • Intact pustules
  • areas underling crusts or epidermal collarettes
  • moist erythematous areas
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17
Q

Which organisms responsible for most pyoderma?

A

Staphylococcus and malassezia (50% cases have co-infection)

-must use concurrent systemic antimicrobial therapy*

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18
Q

Breed susceptibility for malassezia infections in dogs

A 
Silky terriers
Australian shep
Maltese
Westies
Chis
Poodles
Shetland Sheepdog
GSD
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19
Q

Predisposing factors for malassezia infections in dogs (besides breed)

A
  • weakened immune system, esp. T cells

- underlying conditions: bacterial, allergy, seborrhea

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20
Q

Clinical presentation of Malassezia in dogs

A
  • worse in summer
  • itchy skin, self-trauma from itching
  • most common sites: ear, muzzle, toes, anal area; will have greasy smell and oily/scaly skin
  • can also be generalized: itchy muzzle, lick feet, hair loss, redness, hyperpigmentation and thickening of skin can occur
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21
Q

Dermatophytosis

A

Aka Ringworm
=infection of keratinized tissue (skin, hair, claws)
-caused by dermatophytes (Microsporum responsible in 90% of cases, also Trichophyton and Epidermophyton)
-usually self-limiting
-zoonotic

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22
Q

Most common culprits of draining tracts, SC abscesses in dogs

A

Actinomyces viscocus

Actinomyces hordeovulneris

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23
Q

Most common bacterial culprit of scrotal dermatitis

A

Brucella canis

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24
Q

Most common bacterial causes of cellulitis, folliculitis, furunculosis, impetigo

A

Staph pseudointermedius

Staph aureus, or other coag-positive staph

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25
Most common bacterial causes of SC abscesses in cats
``` Pasteurella multocida Obligate anaerobes Peptostreptococcus sp. Fusobacterium sp. Porphyromonas sp. Clostridium sp. ```
26
Most common bacterial causes of chronic nodular dermatitis, draining ducts, inflammation of fat tissue layer in cats
Mycobacterium sp.
27
Most common bacterial causes of nodular ulcerative skin lesions with lymphadenopathy in cats
Mycobacterium lepraemurium
28
Most common fungal cause of exfoliative dermatitis in dogs
Malassezia pacydermatitis
29
Most common fungal causes of circular, scaly, crusty, allopecic skin lesions in dogs
Microsporum canis* M. Gypseum Trichophyton mentagrophytes
30
Most common fungal causes of papules, nodules, abscesses, draining tracts in dogs
Most likely a SYSTEMIC mycoses*: - Blastomyces dermatidis - Coccidiodes immitis - Cryptococcus neoformans - Histoplasma capsulatium
31
Predisposing factors to skin infection
- trauma/bites - increased moisture - burns - irritants - underlying diseases (immune, systemic infections w/ tropism for vascular endothelium, ectoparasites)
32
Which virus manifests as nasal and footpad hyperkeratosis in dogs?
Canine distemper virus
33
Which virus manifests as cutaneous papillomas in dogs?
Canine papilloma virus
34
Which virus manifests as cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules in cats?
Feline sarcoma virus
35
Which fungi commonly cause draining tracts, ulcers, and nodules in cats?
Cryptococcus neoformans | Sporothrix schneckii
36
Microsporum canis causes what CS in cats?
Alopecic anular (ringed) skin lesions, pseudomycetoma
37
Top 5 most commonly prescribed abx for skin infections in dogs
1) Cephalexin 2) Clavamox 3) Cefovecin (Convenia) 4) Amoxicillin 5) Fluoroquinolones
38
Top 4 most commonly prescribed abx for skin infections in cats
1) Clavamox 2) Cefovecin 3) Amoxicillin 4) Fluoroquinolones
39
Predisposing factors for developing otitis and predispose to opportunistic infections
1) Congenital or environmental 2) Conformation (dropping ears, stenotic canals, excessive hair, etc.) 3) Masses 4) Overuse of astringents - alcohol, cleaning agents 5) Foreign material
40
Primary factors that DIRECTLY cause otitis externa
- parasites: Otodectes (esp. In cats), Demodex, etc. - FB - tumor - hypersensitivity (atopy/hypersensitivity, food, contact dermatitis) - disorders of keratinization, hypothyroidism, autoimmune diseases, juvenile cellulitis, irritants *microbial infection usually SECONDARY*
41
Common CS of OE and OM
- head shaking - rubbing affected ear on floor - rotating head toward affected side - ear usually painful w/ a discharge and inflammatory changes in ear canal
42
CS specific to otitis MEDIA
- facial n. Paralysis (facial and sympathetic nerves pass through middle ear) - Horner's syndrome
43
4 Hallmarks of Horner's Syndrome
1) constricted pupil (miosis) 2) drooping eyelids (ptosis) 3) posterior displacement of the eyeball w/n the orbit (enophthalmos) 4) protruding nictitans
44
Clinical signs specific to otitis INTERNA
- more pronounced head tilt +/- circling or falling towards affected side - generalized incoordination - spontaneous horizontal to rotary eye movement, with fast phase AWAY from affected side and head tilt - can rarely ascend vestibulocochlear and facial nerves to brain stem --> meningitis, brain-stem abscess, death
45
Common bacteria that perpetuate otitis
- Staphylococcus intermedius - beta-hemolytic streptococcus sp. - Pseudomonas aeruginosa* - Proteus mirabilis
46
Common yeasts that perpetuate otitis
- Malassezia pachydermatis - Candida sp. - Microsporum canis
47
Best place to collect samples for otoscopic culture
- Horizontal canal (region where most infections arise) | - middle ear in cases of tympanic rupture
48
When should systemic therapy used for ear infections?
- most cases of chronic/recurring otitis - if neuts or rod-type bacteria seen on cytology - if therapeutic failure w/ topical antimicrobial agents
49
Chances of successful treatment decrease if tympanic membrane ruptured
:)
50
Characteristics of pseudomonas otitis
- resistant to most common abx - often chronic in course (>2 mo.) - marked suppurative exudate - severe epithelial ulceration, pain, and edema of the canal - will see many neuts on cytology - bacteria produces pyogenic toxins
51
Mechanical and anatomical barrier to ocular infection
``` Eyelids Cilia Blink reflex Intact conjunctiva and cornea Precorneal tear film ```
52
Defense mechanisms to ocular infection
- mechanical/anatomical - tight junction of endothelial and epithelial cells - nonspecific antimicrobials in tears (lactoferrin, lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides)
53
Normal conjunctival flora
Limited to none (esp. In cats) If any, predominantly Gram +: - staphylococcus - micrococcus - corynebacterium sp. - bacillus sp. Gram - rare (only nonenterics)
54
Differences in ocular infections in cats vs. dogs. Cats have:
- less pronounced inflammatory rxns - slower healing cornea - more difficult to detect early ocular dz - different infectious agents
55
CS of acute anterior uveitis
- miosis - increased protein and cells in anterior chamber (aqueous flare) - low IOP - bulbar conjunctival hyperemia - iridal swelling - photophobia - blepharospasm
56
Complications of anterior uveitis
- 2ary glaucoma, cataract, and corneal opacification | - concurrent posterior uveitis or choroiditis
57
Possible causes of anterior uveitis
- Infectious agent* - Trauma - intraocular neoplasm - immune mediated disease
58
Infectious agents in cats that cause anterior uveitis
FIV FIP FeLeuk *all viral agents*
59
Infectious agents in dogs that cause anterior uveitis
- Brucella canis - Ehrlichia sp. - Leptospira sp. - Rickettsia rickettsii - Blastomyces dermatitidis *all bacterial or fungal agents*
60
Which infectious agents commonly cause blepharitis in DOGS?
Staph, strep *blepharitis rare in cats*
61
Which infectious agent commonly causes keratitis in CATS?
FIP virus
62
Which infectious agent commonly causes keratitis in DOGS?
Canine adenovirus I
63
Which infectious agents cause chorioretinitis in CATS?
FIV FIP Cryptococcus neoformans
64
Which infectious agents cause chorioretinitis in DOGS?
``` Canine distemper virus Ehrlichia sp. Rickettsia rickettsii Blastomyces dermatitidis Cryptococcus neoformans ```
65
Which infectious agents cause conjunctivitis in CATS?
Feline herpesvirus I Chlamydia Mycoplasma sp (?)
66
Which infectious agents cause conjunctivitis in DOGS?
Canine distemper virus Canine papillomavirus Beta-hemolytic strep Coagulase-positive staph *no gram negatives!*
67
Clinical manifestation of feline panleukopenia virus in cats
Retinal degeneration, retinal dysplasia
68
FIP --> keratic precipitates and keratitis in cats
:)
69
Typical ophthalmic manifestation of systemic disease in the DOG (affects uveal tract), and causes
Iridocyclitis, choroiditis, panuveitis Causes: - distemper, infectious hepatitis - ehrlichiosis - brucella canis, borrelia burgdorferi - Blastomyces, coccidiodes, histoplasma, crypto, aspergillus
70
Typical ophthalmic manifestations of feline herpesvirus-1
- Ulcerative and stromal keratitis - proliferative keratoconjunctivitis - dark corneal plaques - adherence of conjunctiva and cornea erosive surfaces to each other - dry eye
71
Typical ophthalmic manifestation of FIP, FIV, and FeLeuk viruses
- anterior and posterior uveitis - chronic uveitis - retinal detachment - secondary glaucoma
72
Typical ophthalmic manifestation of chlamydia in cats
Acute and recurrent conjunctivitis

SA Microbiology (10 decks)

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