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SA Microbiology > L03: Integumentary System (Brown) > Flashcards

L03: Integumentary System (Brown) Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial defense mechanisms

A

1) Dryness
2) Desquamation
3) Intercellular “shield” formed by secretions in superficial epidermal layers

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2
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete:

A

Lipids/long chain fatty acids

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3
Q

Sweat glands secrete:

A
  • Lactic, proprionic, acetic and caprylic acids

- NaCl

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4
Q

Other immune compounds secreted by skin

A
  • interferon, lysozyme, transferrin
  • immunoglobulins
  • antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidins, beta-defensins)
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5
Q

Normal skin flora composed of:

A
  • mostly Gram +
  • Acinetobacter spp. (Gram -)
  • lipophilic yeasts in small numbers only (malassezia and pityrosporum spp.)
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6
Q

Coagulase and staph

A

An enzyme that most pathogenic staph produce; allows the organism to clot serum plasma preventing migration of certain macs to site of infections so its a virulence factor

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7
Q

Transient bacteria from distal nares & GI tract

A
  • Coagulase-positive staph spp.*
  • streptococcus
  • E. Coli
  • proteus mirabilis
  • Enterococcus sp.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
  • Anaerobes (fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides melanonogenicus, Bacteroides nodosus) –> assoc. with puss formation**
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8
Q

Bacterial pyoderma

A
  • overgrowth/overcolonization of normal resident or transient flora
  • staph. Pseudointermedius most common agent
  • most commonly in warm moist areas or pressure points
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9
Q

Underlying triggers of superficial pyoderma

A
  • fleas/FAD
  • atopy
  • food allergy
  • hypothyroid
  • hyperadrenocorticism
  • poor grooming
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10
Q

Common causes of recurrent bacterial pyoderma

A
  • failure to ID underlying trigger (ie those in previous slide)
  • abx. Undertreatment (dose or duration)
  • concurrent use of steroids
  • wrong abx
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11
Q

CS of superficial pyoderma in dogs

A

Multifocal areas of alopecia, follicular papules or pustules, epidermal collarettes, and serous crusts

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12
Q

CS of DEEP pyoderma in dogs

A

Pain, crusting, odor, exudation of blood and pus

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13
Q

CS of superficial pyoderma in cats

A

Scaling, miliary dermatitis

*intact pustules rare

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14
Q

CS of DEEP pyoderma in cats

A

Alopecia, ulcerations, hemorrhagic crusts, draining tracts

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15
Q

Potential causes of recurrent nonhealing pyoderma in cats

A

Systemic dz, FIV or FeLeuk, atypical mycobacteria

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16
Q

Best location to get direct impression smears

A
  • Intact pustules
  • areas underling crusts or epidermal collarettes
  • moist erythematous areas
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17
Q

Which organisms responsible for most pyoderma?

A

Staphylococcus and malassezia (50% cases have co-infection)

-must use concurrent systemic antimicrobial therapy*

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18
Q

Breed susceptibility for malassezia infections in dogs

A 
Silky terriers
Australian shep
Maltese
Westies
Chis
Poodles
Shetland Sheepdog
GSD
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19
Q

Predisposing factors for malassezia infections in dogs (besides breed)

A
  • weakened immune system, esp. T cells

- underlying conditions: bacterial, allergy, seborrhea

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20
Q

Clinical presentation of Malassezia in dogs

A
  • worse in summer
  • itchy skin, self-trauma from itching
  • most common sites: ear, muzzle, toes, anal area; will have greasy smell and oily/scaly skin
  • can also be generalized: itchy muzzle, lick feet, hair loss, redness, hyperpigmentation and thickening of skin can occur
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21
Q

Dermatophytosis

A

Aka Ringworm
=infection of keratinized tissue (skin, hair, claws)
-caused by dermatophytes (Microsporum responsible in 90% of cases, also Trichophyton and Epidermophyton)
-usually self-limiting
-zoonotic

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22
Q

Most common culprits of draining tracts, SC abscesses in dogs

A

Actinomyces viscocus

Actinomyces hordeovulneris

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23
Q

Most common bacterial culprit of scrotal dermatitis

A

Brucella canis

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24
Q

Most common bacterial causes of cellulitis, folliculitis, furunculosis, impetigo

A

Staph pseudointermedius

Staph aureus, or other coag-positive staph

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25
Q

Most common bacterial causes of SC abscesses in cats

A 
Pasteurella multocida
Obligate anaerobes
Peptostreptococcus sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Porphyromonas sp.
Clostridium sp.
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26
Q

Most common bacterial causes of chronic nodular dermatitis, draining ducts, inflammation of fat tissue layer in cats

A

Mycobacterium sp.

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27
Q

Most common bacterial causes of nodular ulcerative skin lesions with lymphadenopathy in cats

A

Mycobacterium lepraemurium

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28
Q

Most common fungal cause of exfoliative dermatitis in dogs

A

Malassezia pacydermatitis

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29
Q

Most common fungal causes of circular, scaly, crusty, allopecic skin lesions in dogs

A

Microsporum canis*
M. Gypseum
Trichophyton mentagrophytes

30
Q

Most common fungal causes of papules, nodules, abscesses, draining tracts in dogs

A

Most likely a SYSTEMIC mycoses*:

  • Blastomyces dermatidis
  • Coccidiodes immitis
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Histoplasma capsulatium
31
Q

Predisposing factors to skin infection

A
  • trauma/bites
  • increased moisture
  • burns
  • irritants
  • underlying diseases (immune, systemic infections w/ tropism for vascular endothelium, ectoparasites)
32
Q

Which virus manifests as nasal and footpad hyperkeratosis in dogs?

A

Canine distemper virus

33
Q

Which virus manifests as cutaneous papillomas in dogs?

A

Canine papilloma virus

34
Q

Which virus manifests as cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules in cats?

A

Feline sarcoma virus

35
Q

Which fungi commonly cause draining tracts, ulcers, and nodules in cats?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

Sporothrix schneckii

36
Q

Microsporum canis causes what CS in cats?

A

Alopecic anular (ringed) skin lesions, pseudomycetoma

37
Q

Top 5 most commonly prescribed abx for skin infections in dogs

A

1) Cephalexin
2) Clavamox
3) Cefovecin (Convenia)
4) Amoxicillin
5) Fluoroquinolones

38
Q

Top 4 most commonly prescribed abx for skin infections in cats

A

1) Clavamox
2) Cefovecin
3) Amoxicillin
4) Fluoroquinolones

39
Q

Predisposing factors for developing otitis and predispose to opportunistic infections

A

1) Congenital or environmental
2) Conformation (dropping ears, stenotic canals, excessive hair, etc.)
3) Masses
4) Overuse of astringents - alcohol, cleaning agents
5) Foreign material

40
Q

Primary factors that DIRECTLY cause otitis externa

A
  • parasites: Otodectes (esp. In cats), Demodex, etc.
  • FB
  • tumor
  • hypersensitivity (atopy/hypersensitivity, food, contact dermatitis)
  • disorders of keratinization, hypothyroidism, autoimmune diseases, juvenile cellulitis, irritants

microbial infection usually SECONDARY

41
Q

Common CS of OE and OM

A
  • head shaking
  • rubbing affected ear on floor
  • rotating head toward affected side
  • ear usually painful w/ a discharge and inflammatory changes in ear canal
42
Q

CS specific to otitis MEDIA

A
  • facial n. Paralysis (facial and sympathetic nerves pass through middle ear)
  • Horner’s syndrome
43
Q

4 Hallmarks of Horner’s Syndrome

A

1) constricted pupil (miosis)
2) drooping eyelids (ptosis)
3) posterior displacement of the eyeball w/n the orbit (enophthalmos)
4) protruding nictitans

44
Q

Clinical signs specific to otitis INTERNA

A
  • more pronounced head tilt +/- circling or falling towards affected side
  • generalized incoordination
  • spontaneous horizontal to rotary eye movement, with fast phase AWAY from affected side and head tilt
  • can rarely ascend vestibulocochlear and facial nerves to brain stem –> meningitis, brain-stem abscess, death
45
Q

Common bacteria that perpetuate otitis

A
  • Staphylococcus intermedius
  • beta-hemolytic streptococcus sp.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
  • Proteus mirabilis
46
Q

Common yeasts that perpetuate otitis

A
  • Malassezia pachydermatis
  • Candida sp.
  • Microsporum canis
47
Q

Best place to collect samples for otoscopic culture

A
  • Horizontal canal (region where most infections arise)

- middle ear in cases of tympanic rupture

48
Q

When should systemic therapy used for ear infections?

A
  • most cases of chronic/recurring otitis
  • if neuts or rod-type bacteria seen on cytology
  • if therapeutic failure w/ topical antimicrobial agents
49
Q

Chances of successful treatment decrease if tympanic membrane ruptured

A

:)

50
Q

Characteristics of pseudomonas otitis

A
  • resistant to most common abx
  • often chronic in course (>2 mo.)
  • marked suppurative exudate
  • severe epithelial ulceration, pain, and edema of the canal
  • will see many neuts on cytology
  • bacteria produces pyogenic toxins
51
Q

Mechanical and anatomical barrier to ocular infection

A 
Eyelids
Cilia
Blink reflex
Intact conjunctiva and cornea
Precorneal tear film
52
Q

Defense mechanisms to ocular infection

A
  • mechanical/anatomical
  • tight junction of endothelial and epithelial cells
  • nonspecific antimicrobials in tears (lactoferrin, lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides)
53
Q

Normal conjunctival flora

A

Limited to none (esp. In cats)

If any, predominantly Gram +:

  • staphylococcus
  • micrococcus
  • corynebacterium sp.
  • bacillus sp.

Gram - rare (only nonenterics)

54
Q

Differences in ocular infections in cats vs. dogs. Cats have:

A
  • less pronounced inflammatory rxns
  • slower healing cornea
  • more difficult to detect early ocular dz
  • different infectious agents
55
Q

CS of acute anterior uveitis

A
  • miosis
  • increased protein and cells in anterior chamber (aqueous flare)
  • low IOP
  • bulbar conjunctival hyperemia
  • iridal swelling
  • photophobia
  • blepharospasm
56
Q

Complications of anterior uveitis

A
  • 2ary glaucoma, cataract, and corneal opacification

- concurrent posterior uveitis or choroiditis

57
Q

Possible causes of anterior uveitis

A
  • Infectious agent*
  • Trauma
  • intraocular neoplasm
  • immune mediated disease
58
Q

Infectious agents in cats that cause anterior uveitis

A

FIV
FIP
FeLeuk

all viral agents

59
Q

Infectious agents in dogs that cause anterior uveitis

A
  • Brucella canis
  • Ehrlichia sp.
  • Leptospira sp.
  • Rickettsia rickettsii
  • Blastomyces dermatitidis

all bacterial or fungal agents

60
Q

Which infectious agents commonly cause blepharitis in DOGS?

A

Staph, strep

blepharitis rare in cats

61
Q

Which infectious agent commonly causes keratitis in CATS?

A

FIP virus

62
Q

Which infectious agent commonly causes keratitis in DOGS?

A

Canine adenovirus I

63
Q

Which infectious agents cause chorioretinitis in CATS?

A

FIV
FIP
Cryptococcus neoformans

64
Q

Which infectious agents cause chorioretinitis in DOGS?

A 
Canine distemper virus
Ehrlichia sp.
Rickettsia rickettsii
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Cryptococcus neoformans
65
Q

Which infectious agents cause conjunctivitis in CATS?

A

Feline herpesvirus I
Chlamydia
Mycoplasma sp (?)

66
Q

Which infectious agents cause conjunctivitis in DOGS?

A

Canine distemper virus
Canine papillomavirus
Beta-hemolytic strep
Coagulase-positive staph

no gram negatives!

67
Q

Clinical manifestation of feline panleukopenia virus in cats

A

Retinal degeneration, retinal dysplasia

68
Q

FIP –> keratic precipitates and keratitis in cats

A

:)

69
Q

Typical ophthalmic manifestation of systemic disease in the DOG (affects uveal tract), and causes

A

Iridocyclitis, choroiditis, panuveitis

Causes:

  • distemper, infectious hepatitis
  • ehrlichiosis
  • brucella canis, borrelia burgdorferi
  • Blastomyces, coccidiodes, histoplasma, crypto, aspergillus
70
Q

Typical ophthalmic manifestations of feline herpesvirus-1

A
  • Ulcerative and stromal keratitis
  • proliferative keratoconjunctivitis
  • dark corneal plaques
  • adherence of conjunctiva and cornea erosive surfaces to each other
  • dry eye
71
Q

Typical ophthalmic manifestation of FIP, FIV, and FeLeuk viruses

A
  • anterior and posterior uveitis
  • chronic uveitis
  • retinal detachment
  • secondary glaucoma
72
Q

Typical ophthalmic manifestation of chlamydia in cats

A

Acute and recurrent conjunctivitis

SA Microbiology (10 decks)

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