L-32

Question 1

What are the steps of the inflammatory response?

Answer 1

• chemical signals from tissue resident cells act to attract more cells to the site of injury or infection
• neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
• neutrophils cling to the cell wall in a process called margination
• chemical signals from tissue resident cells dilate blood vessels and make capillaries leakier
• neutrophils squeeze through the leaky capillary wall and follow the chemical trail to the injury site in a process called diapedis

Question 2

What are the 5 steps of phagocytosis?

Answer 2

• phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris
• phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particle, forming a phagosome
• lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome
• toxic compounds a lysosomal enzymes destroy pathogens
• sometimes exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible residual material

Question 3

What conditions aid in digestion of the phagocytise material?

Answer 3

• low pH

- hydrogen peroxide + nitric oxide

Question 4

What enzymes break down components of digested microbes?

Answer 4

• proteases
• lipases
• nucleases

Question 5

What are the three complement pathways?

Answer 5

• classical
• alternative
• lectin

Question 6

What occurs in the classical pathway?

Answer 6

The antibody bound to pathogens binds to the complement

Question 7

What occurs in the alternative pathway?

Answer 7

The pathogen binds complement to the surface/pathogen complement

Question 8

What occurs in the Lectin pathway?

Answer 8

The carbohydrate components of microbes bind to the complement

Question 9

What protein does all 3 complement pathways use to produce the 3 outcomes?

Answer 9

C3 convertase

Question 10

What is the name of the process of labelling pathogens in the complement pathway?

Answer 10

Opsonisation

Question 11

What is the name of how mast cells recruit phagocytes to an area of injury or infection?

Answer 11

Chemotaxis

Question 12

Which complement protein aids in opsonisation?

Answer 12

C3b

Question 13

What occurs in opsonisation?

Answer 13

C3b protein labels pathogens which bind to complement receptors on phagocytes

Question 14

What occurs in the destroy outcome of the complement pathway?

Answer 14

C9 protein aids in complex formation of pores in bacterial cells leading to cell death

Question 15

What happens in the recruit outcome of the complement pathway?

Answer 15

C3b and C5a complement proteins act as peptide mediators of inflammation and recruit phagocytes. They degranulate mast cells to do this