L-31

Question 1

What is the percentage composition of blood?

Answer 1

• 55% plasma

- 45% cells

Question 2

How are blood cells formed?

Answer 2

from stem cells in bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis

Question 3

What are the three blood cell lineages?

Answer 3

• Erythroid
• Myeloid
• lymphoid

Question 4

What is the alternate name for erythrocytes?

Answer 4

Erythroid cells

Question 5

What are Erythroid cells?

Answer 5

Red blood cells

Question 6

What are myeloid and lymphoid cells?

Answer 6

White blood cells

Question 7

What cells are myeloid cells? (4)

Answer 7

• granulocytes
• monocytes
• dendritic cells
• platelets

Question 8

What layer of immune defence do myeloid cells make up?

Answer 8

Innate

Question 9

What cells make up the lymphoid cells?

Answer 9

B and T lymphocytes

Question 10

What layer of defence do lymphoid cells make up?

Answer 10

Adaptive

Question 11

What are neutrophils?

Answer 11

most abundant granulocyte that make up 75% of all leukocytes

Question 12

Where would you find neutrophils?

Answer 12

In the bloodstream but can move into tissue during inflammation

Question 13

When would neutrophil concentration increase?

Answer 13

During infection

Question 14

What do neutrophils do in the immune system

Answer 14

They are highly phagocytic and “eat and kill” microbes

Question 15

What is one of the granulocytes present in tissue?

Answer 15

Mast cells

Question 16

What do mast cells do in the immune system?

Answer 16

Line mucosal surfaces and release granules that attract white blood cells to areas of tissue damage

Question 17

Name 4 types of phagocytic cells:

Answer 17

• neutrophils
• monocytes
• macrophages
• dendritic cells

Question 18

What are monocytes?

Answer 18

Phagocytic cells present in the blood with low phagocytic capability

Question 19

When would monocytes develop into macrophages?

Answer 19

When/ if they leave the bloodstream and move into tissues

Question 20

What are two examples of tissues that would have macrophages present?

Answer 20

• spleen

- liver

Question 21

Do macrophages have a high or low phagocytic capability?

Answer 21

High

Question 22

What are the two states that macrophages can be in?

Answer 22

• sessile ( resident)

- migratory ( able to move through tissues)

Question 23

What are the three main important functions of macrophages?

Answer 23

• phagocytosis
• release of chemical messengers
• linking innate and adaptive immunity by showing information about pathogens to cells

Question 24

What are dendritic cells?

Answer 24

Phagocytic cells found in low numbers in blood and all tissues in contact with the environment

Question 25

What is the role of dendritic cells?

Answer 25

• most important cell type to drive adaptive immune responses
• phagocytosis
• linking innate and adaptive immune responses

Question 26

How do immune cells move around the body?

Answer 26

• carried in blood and lymph
• can leave blood and enter tissues
• lymph in tissues collect in lymphatic vessels and drain into lymph nodes

Question 27

How do innate cells recognise pathogens?

Answer 27

Using pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

Question 28

What are common building block of viruses?

Answer 28

• ssRNA

- dsRNA

Question 29

What are the common building blocks of bacteria cells?

Answer 29

• lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ endotoxins
• lipoteichoic acid in the cell wall
• flagellum
• unmethylated CpG DNA

Question 30

What is a fever?

Answer 30

Abnormally high temperature of more than 37 degrees

Question 31

Why do fevers occur?

Answer 31

Hypothalamus resetting the bodies thermostat in order to kill viruses or bacteria that thrive at normal body temperatures

Question 32

How are fevers produced?

Answer 32

• produced by pyrogens released by cells of the immune system in response to the chemical messenger produced by phagocytes after ingesting bacteria
• phagocytes also produce pyrogen interluekn-1 (IL-1)
• IL-1 decreases in concentration when rate of phagocytosis decreases which reduces fever