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Lower Limb > Knee conditions > Flashcards

Knee conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the possible complications of a distal femur fracture?

A

Separation of condyles

Haemorrhage from popliteal artery

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2
Q

What is a consequence of seperation of femoral condyles?

A

Malalignment of articular surfaces of knee joint

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3
Q

What is a consequence of haemorrhage from popliteal artery?

A

Compromises blood supply to leg

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4
Q

How does the tibia break in a proximal tibia fracture?

A

Condyles are broken up

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5
Q

What is a complication of a proximal tibia fracture?

A

Injury to ligaments of knee joint

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6
Q

What is meant by a patellar dislocation?

A

Patella displaces out of the intercondylar fossa of the femur

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7
Q

What direction does the patella dislocate in?

A

Laterally

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8
Q

What causes a patella dislocation?

A

Force to patella

Twisting of knee

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9
Q

What normally prevents patella dislocation?

A

Medial pull by horizontal fibres of vastus medialis

Lateral femoral condyle projects more anteriorly

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10
Q

What causes a patellar fracture?

A

Direct blow to bone

Sudden powerful contraction of quadriceps femoris

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11
Q

What type of fracture do patella fractures usually involve?

A

Transverse fracture

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12
Q

How do the bony fragments of a transverse patella fracture displace? Why?

A

Proximal fragment displaces superiorly by pull of quadriceps tendon

Distal fragment displaces inferiorly by pull of patellar ligament

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of a collateral ligament injury?

A

Foot is placed on ground

Force applied against one side of knee

Stretches and tears collateral ligament on opposite side of impact

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14
Q

What is a complication of a medial collateral ligament injury?

A

Tearing of medial meniscus

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15
Q

Why does a medial collateral ligament injury often result in tearing of medial meniscus?

A

Because the medial collateral ligament is attached to the medial meniscus

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16
Q

What causes a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Hyperextension of knee joint

Application of force to back of knee joint

17
Q

How does the tibia displace in an anterior cruciate ligament tear? Why?

A

Slides anteriorly over femur

because no longer held back by anterior cruciate ligament

18
Q

How do you test for a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Anterior drawer test

19
Q

What is the anterior drawer test? How are the results interpreted?

A

Attempt to move tibia forwards

If it does so, means anterior cruciate ligament has been torn

20
Q

How is the posterior cruciate ligament torn?

A

Knee is flexed
large force applied to shin
pushing tibia posteriorly

Hyperextension of knee joint

21
Q

How does the tibia displace in a posteiror cruciate ligament tear? Why?

A

Tibia slides posteriorly over femur

because no longer held forward by posterior cruciate ligament

22
Q

How do you test for a posterior cruciate ligament tear?

A

Posterior drawer test

23
Q

What is the posterior drawer test? How are the results interpreted?

A

Attempt to push tibia posteriorly

If it does so, means posterior cruciate ligament is torn

24
Q

Which meniscus is more commonly injured?

A

Medial meniscus

25
Q

Do meniscal injuries heal well or not? Why?

A

Yes

because of good blood supply to knee joint via genicular arteries

26
Q

What are the complications of a meniscal injury?

A

Torn meniscus lodges in knee

causes locking of knee joint

27
Q

What is the unhappy triad?

A

Injury of the following three all at once

  • medial collateral ligament
  • medial meniscus
  • anterior cruciate ligament
28
Q

How do you test for injury to medial collateral ligament?

A

Pain on medial rotation of leg

means injury of medial collateral ligament

29
Q

How do you test for injury to lateral collateral ligament?

A

Pain on lateral rotation of leg

means injury to lateral collateral ligament

30
Q

What is prepatellar bursitis?

A

Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa of the knee

between the skin and the patella

31
Q

What causes prepatellar burstis?

A

Friction between skin and patella - prepatellar bursa lies between the two

Compressive forces to anterior knee joint

32
Q

What is prepatellar bursitis also known as?

A

Housemaid’s knee

33
Q

What is superficial infrapatellar bursitis?

A

Inflammation of superficial infrapatellar bursa of knee

between patella ligament and skin

34
Q

What causes superficial infrapatellar bursitis?

A

Excessive friction between skin and patella ligament - superficial infrapatellar bursa lies between the two

35
Q

Division of femoral nerve at level of inguinal ligament - would sensation over lateral thigh be preserved or not? Why?

A

Yes it would

Innervated by lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
branches off lumbar plexus directly
doesn’t travel under inguinal ligament

36
Q

What does prepatellar bursitis look like?

A

Swelling in anterior knee

Lower Limb (26 decks)

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