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BMS172 - anatomy lower limb > Knee > Flashcards

Knee Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the popliteal fossa and what shape is it?

A

Diamond shaped fossa posterior to the knee joint

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2
Q

What makes up the superficial boundaries fo the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius

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3
Q

What are the contents of the Popliteal Fossa?

A
  • Small Saphenous Vein
  • Popliteal Artery (and *Branches)
  • Popliteal Vein (and tributaries)
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Fat
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4
Q

In the popliteal fossa what is most superficial, what is in the middle, and what is deepest?

A
  • The nerves are most superficial
  • The beings are in the middle
  • The arteries are deepest
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5
Q

How many articulations are contained in the one joint? and what are they?

A

2 articulations

2 femorotibial and 1 femoropatellar articulation

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6
Q

What type of joint is the knee knee joint classified as? Give a reason why it is classified as one of these?

A

Is classified as synovial, hinge, modified hinge, and double condyloid joint

it is a modified hinge joint because it allows for flexion and extension and a small amount of medial and lateral rotation when the knee is flexed.

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7
Q

The knee joint needs to provide _______ and ______. Usually these two things don’t go well together.

A

Needs to provide stability and mobility

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8
Q

knee joint surfaces are ________. Therefore relies heavily on what for stability?

A

Knee joint surfaces are incongruent. Therefore it relies heavily on accessory structures and musculature for support.

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9
Q

Knee Joint allows for what types of movements (what degrees)

A

Flexion and extension (140°-160°)

medial and lateral rotation (10° medial and 30° lateral respectively…only when knee is in 90 degree flexion

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10
Q

When nearly in extension the femur rotates _____ how many degrees on the tibia to lock into place? Why does it do this?

A

Femur rotates medially 5 degrees on the tibia to lock into place. This keeps the joint stable and takes a bit of pressure off the muscles and ligaments so they don’t get tired.

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11
Q

What type of capsule does the knee joint have?

A

Fibrous capsule. The capsule varies in thickness and strength around the joint cavity.

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12
Q

Ligaments and tendons in the knee act as the _____ in some regions and ______ in others

A

Act as the CAPSULE in some regions and STRENGTHEN it in others

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13
Q

What makes up the deep borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

The medial and lateral supracondylar lines and the soleal line

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14
Q

Where does the Patellar Ligament attach?

A

Apex of patella to the tibial tuberosity.

Acts as anterior capsule along with patella

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15
Q

What is Patellar Retinacula?

A

aponeurotic (broadd and flat) fibres from vastus medals and lateralis

Deeper fibres connect to menisci

Lateral fibers connect to ITB

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16
Q

What is Osgood-Schlatter disease

A

Very painful to extend leg- making patella ligament tight, pulling tibial tuberosity away from the rest of the bone. Common in adolescents (epiphyseal plate in picture above. 14-16 years old, very active)

Often tibial tuberosity is quite prominent. RICE treament

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17
Q

A transverse patellar fracture may be caused by what?

A

A sudden quadriceps contraction

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18
Q

Where is the MCL located (also called the tibial collateral ligament)

A

Medial epicondyle of the femur. Superior medial surface of the tibia

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19
Q

What are two functions of the MCL

A

Resists valgus stress (especially in flexion)

Resists lateral rotation of the tibia

(Anything that comes from the lateral side and pushes the femur and tibia apart the MCL helps resists, especially in flexion of 90 degrees)

MCL is broad and flat in comparison to LCL. It is weaker than the LCL and it most commonly damaged

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20
Q

Where is the LCL (also called Fibular collateral ligament) located?

A

lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula.

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21
Q

What is the function of the LCL

A

Resists varus stress and medial tibial rotation

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22
Q

What tendon passes between the LCL and the meniscus?

A

tendon of popliteus

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23
Q

Tibial collateral ligaments resists venu ______ and Fibula collateral ligament resists genu _______

A

Tibial collateral ligament resists genu valgum stress

Fibula collateral ligament resists genu varus stress

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24
Q

Where is the Oblique popliteal ligament located and what is it an expansion of?

A

Posterior medial tibial condyle to middle posterior joint capsule

it is an expansion of semimembranosus tendon

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25
Q

Where is the arcuate popliteal ligament located?

A

posterior head of the fibula. Runs over tendon of popliteus. Posterior joint capsule.

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26
Q

What do the oblique popliteal ligament and the arcuate popliteal ligament help resist?

A

Both help resist hyperextension of the knee and values and various stresses in extensions

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27
Q

Name three features of Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments?

A

Arranged in an X shaped pattern

Named for their attachment to the tibia

Intracapsular but extrasynovial

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28
Q

What is the combined function of the cruciate ligaments?

A

Stabilise the knee joint. In any position one of the cruciate ligaments will be taut and may resist motion.

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29
Q

A bi or tripartite patella may be mistaken for a:

A

Fractured patella

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30
Q

Is the patellar ligament involved in an unhappy triad?

A

no

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31
Q

Varus stress at the knee will stretch which ligament the most?

A

Fibular collateral ligament

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32
Q

Which of the following are deepest in the popliteal fossa?

A

Arteries

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33
Q

Neither band of the anterior cruciate ligament is tight in which position of the knee joint?

A

30° flexion

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34
Q

A transverse patellar fracture may be caused by which of the following?

A

A sudden quadriceps contraction

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35
Q

Which knee ligament is an expansion of the fibres of the semimembranosus tendon?

A

Oblique popliteal

36
Q

Which structure is tested by moving the tibia posteriorly on the femur?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

37
Q

How is it often possible to distinguish a patellar fracture from a bipartite patella due to ossification from two centres?

A

Check the other patella by x-raying it

38
Q

Separation of the tibial tuberosity from the shaft of the tibia is called:

A

Osgood Schlatter’s disease

39
Q

What are functions of the menisci?

A

Shock absorption, increased joint congruence and reduction of friction

40
Q

Which of the cruciate ligaments contain 2 bands?

A

Both

41
Q

What makes up the superficial borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, gastrocnemius

42
Q

Which of the following attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the femur

A

Fibular collateral ligament

43
Q

The patella ligament attaches to the:

A

Apex of the patella and tibial tuberosity

44
Q

Which meniscus is most easily injured?

A

Medial

45
Q

Which bursae is usually continuous with the knee joint capsule?

A

Suprapatellar bursa

46
Q

Which ligament attaches to the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

47
Q

Which bursae is usually continuous with the knee joint?

A

Subpopliteal

48
Q

The anteromedial band of the anterior cruciate ligament is tight in:

A

Flexion

49
Q

What is involved in an unhappy triad injury

A

the medial collateral ligament (aka tibial collateral ligament), the anterior cruciate ligament, and the medial meniscus.

Injury is most often sustained when a lateral (from the outside) force impacts the knee while the foot is fixed on the ground.

50
Q

What happens in a In a transverse patellar fracture:

A

The segments of the patella separate

51
Q

How much lateral rotation does the knee joint allow?

A

30º

52
Q

Which of the following does the tibial collateral ligament attach to?

A

Medial meniscus

53
Q

The menisci are joined anteriorly by which of the following?

A

Transverse ligament of the knee

54
Q

What joins the menisci to the tibia?

A

Coronary ligaments

55
Q

Tension in which ligament may assist locking of the knee?

A

PCL

56
Q

What does the patellar retinacula attach to?

A

The menisci, ITB and tibia

57
Q

Which of the following does the femur articulate with in the knee joint?

A

The patella and tibia

58
Q

What attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

59
Q

How much flexion and extension does the knee joint allow?

A

140-160º

60
Q

The difference in length of the femoral condyles causes which of the following in a closed kinetic chain?

A

Medial rotation of the femur during extension

61
Q

Osgood-Schlatter disease is:

A

A state involving pain and inflammation around the tibial tuberosity, often seen in very active teenagers and cured by rest (RICE)

62
Q

Which of the cruciate ligaments is longer?

A

Anterior cruciate

63
Q

Which of the following attaches to the head of the fibula?

A

Fibular collateral ligament

64
Q

Genu varus involves medial deviation of the:

A

Distal leg

65
Q

Which bursa is between the patella and the skin?

A

Prepatellar

66
Q

What parts acts as part of the knee joint capsule?

A

Patella, patellar ligament and oblique popliteal ligament

67
Q

The patella articulate with_______ in the knee joint?

A

the femur

68
Q

Which structure may be tested by moving the tibia anteriorly on a fixed femur?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

69
Q

What is the primary function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

To resist anterior displacement of the tibia

70
Q

Where do the patellar retinacula attach

A

to the menisci

71
Q

Contraction of the quadriceps tenses which ligament?

A

Anterior cruciate

72
Q

What attaches to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia?

A

The anterior cruciate ligament

73
Q

Contraction of which muscle group tenses the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Hamstrings

74
Q

Which of the following bones does the tibia articulate with in the knee joint?

A

Femur

75
Q

The posterolateral band of the ACL is most likely to be injured in:

A

Hyperextension

76
Q

Which ligament passes over the tendon of popliteus?

A

Arcuate popliteal ligament

77
Q

What is the primary function of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Prevents posterior displacement of the tibia

78
Q

Which structure travels through the centre of the entire length of the popliteal fossa?

A

Tibial nerve

79
Q

Genu valgus involves lateral deviation of what?

A

Distal leg

80
Q

Rotation of the knee is maximal in which position?

A

90° flexion

81
Q

How much medial rotation does the knee joint allow?

A

10º

82
Q

Injury to the popliteal artery and vein may cause:

A

An arteriovenous fistula

83
Q

Which of the following make up the deep borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

The medial and lateral supracondylar lines and the soleal line

84
Q

The menisci are:

A

Mostly avascular but well innervated

85
Q

Are the more mobile meniscus more or less frequently injured?

A

More mobile is less frequently injured (lateral meniscus)

BMS172 - anatomy lower limb (13 decks)

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