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BMS172 - anatomy lower limb > Back > Flashcards

Back Flashcards

1
Q

The function of the spinous and transverse processes is to:

A

Act as muscle attachment sites to allow movement of the vertebral column

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2
Q

Primary curvatures of the spine are also called:

A

kyphoses

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3
Q

An anterior arch with an anterior tubercle is a feature of which vertebra

A

C1

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4
Q

What is true about ALL thoracic vertebrae?

A

They all have at least one costal facet

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5
Q

Which vertebra has two lateral masses?

A

C1

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6
Q

Which part of the vertebra is referred to as “pars interarticularis”?

A

Part of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes

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7
Q

The spinous process of T12 in a living subject can be identified as follows:

A

The midway between the iliac crest and inferior angle of the scapula

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8
Q

The bodies of lumbar vertebrae are what shape

A

kidney shaped

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9
Q

Failure of the neural tube to close is known as:

A

spina bifida

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10
Q

Where can the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae be palpated

A

laterally in the neck

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11
Q

The transverse processes of which region of the vertebral column have anterior and posterior tubercles?

A

Cervical

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12
Q

Lordosis refers to a curvature of the vertebral column that is:

A

Concave posteriorly

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13
Q

Typical cervical vertebrae include:

A

C3-C6

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14
Q

Which of the following will aid palpation and identification of spinous processes?

A

Flexion of the vertebral column

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15
Q

The annular epiphysis fuses with the body of the vertebra around what age?

A

18 years of age

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16
Q

The promontory is found on which aspect of the sacrum?

A

Superior

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17
Q

Lifetime risk of back problems is around:

A

80%

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18
Q

The typical lumbar vertebrae include:

A

L1-L5 (all of them are typical)

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19
Q

What are two distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Costal facets and heart shaped body

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20
Q

Scoliosis is:

A

lateral deviation of the vertebral column

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21
Q

A spinous process is a feature of which of the following cervical vertebrae?

A

C2-C7

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22
Q

How many ossification centres does each vertebra have in foetal life?

A

3

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23
Q

How many ossification centres does each developing vertebra have?

A

3

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24
Q

When do the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column develop:

A

as weight bearing in those regions begins

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25
Q

Does T1 have a long inferiorly directed spinous process which overlaps with T2?

A

no. looks very similar to cerviacle vertebra C7, however T1 has costal facets.

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26
Q

What are Secondary curvatures:

A

cervical and lumbar curvatures

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27
Q

The vertebral foramen of typical cervical vertebrae are:

A

Large and triangular

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28
Q

Which vertebra has no body?

A

C1

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29
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae have no costal facet on their transverse processes?

A

11 and 12

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30
Q

The bodies of typical cervical vertebra are what shape?

A

rectangular

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31
Q

Fractures of pars interarticularis are most commonly seen in which vertebral region?

A

lumbar

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32
Q

Which of the following is true of anencephaly?

A

It is always fatal

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33
Q

Bone spurs are known as:

A

Osteophytes

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34
Q

How many sacral crests are there?

A

3

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35
Q

The inferior opening of the sacral canal is known as the:

A

sacral hiatus

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36
Q

The number of vertebrae in each region of the vertebral column from superior to inferior would be:

A

7, 12, 5, 5, 4

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37
Q

Which ribs articulate with T1?

A

1 and 2

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38
Q

The inferior angle of the scapula can be used as a landmark for the spinous process of the following

A

T7

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39
Q

How can you distinguish between T11 and T12

A

T12 can be distinguished from T11 because the orientation of T12 inferior articular facets resembles those of lumbar vertebrae

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40
Q

The spinous process of which of the following vertebra can be palpated at the base of the neck

A

C7

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41
Q

Which is a distinguishing features of lumbar vertebra

A

Their superior articular processes have mammillary processes

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42
Q

what shape are lumbar vertebral foramina

A

Triangular

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43
Q

The superior and inferior articular facets of lumbar vertebrae face:

A

Medial/lateral

44
Q

Typical thoracic vertebrae inlcude:

A

T2-T9

45
Q

Which part of a vertebra has the thinnest layer of compact bone?

A

the body

46
Q

The spine of the scapula can be used as a landmark for the spinous process of which of the following vertebrae?

A

T3

47
Q

Because of trabecular arrangement of the vertebrae, parts of the vertebra are referred to as areas of relative weakness. These areas are located on:

A

Anterior vertebral body

48
Q

Which bones often have cornua?

A

Sacrum and coccyx

49
Q

A bilateral, displaced fracture of the pars interarticularis is known as:

A

Spondylolisthesis

50
Q

Kyphosis refers to a curvature of the vertebral column that is:

A

Concave anteriorly

51
Q

The spinous process of which of the following vertebra can be usually palpated at the base of the skull?

A

C2

52
Q

The atypical featurte of C7 is:

A

Long, non-bifid spinous process

53
Q

Disc herniation most frequently occurs:

A

At L4/L5 level

54
Q

The lamellae of the annulus fibrosus are arranged at what angle?

A

30º

55
Q

Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament extend from?

A

It extends from C1 to sacrum

56
Q

Where does the human ligamentum nuchae run?

A

It runs from C7 up to the external occipital protuberance

57
Q

Where in the vertebral column is a proteoglycan gel found?

A

The nucleus pulposus

58
Q

Which part of the annulus fibrosus is innervated by pain receptors?

A

The outer ⅓

59
Q

Bilateral action of the splenii muscles would cause:

A

Extension of the head and neck

60
Q

The extrinsic back muscles include:

A

Latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior and rhomboids but not splenius capitis

61
Q

Which is more superficial, the splenii muscle group or erector spinae?

A

Splenii is more superficial

62
Q

Intervertebra discs can reduce in thickness to respond to ____

A

load

63
Q

The brachial plexus and subclavian artery emerge from between which muscles?

A

Anterior and middle scalenes

64
Q

What is a list of the parts of the cruciform ligament?

A

Superior ligament, inferior ligament and transverse ligament of the atlas

65
Q

at what age is the end plate of the vertebral column is avascular:

A

10 years

66
Q

Which muscles attaches to the iliac crest and 12th rib?

A

Quadratus lumborum

67
Q

Which muscles is able to extend the vertebral column?

A

Longissimus

68
Q

What is is true about the zygapophyseal joints:

A

The height of the intervertebral disc affects the distribution of the load on the zygapophyseal joints

69
Q

Rotatores belongs to which of group of muscles?

A

Transversospinalis

70
Q

What percentage of the ligamenta flava is elastin?

A

80%

71
Q

Which muscles are able to produce lateral flexion of the vertebral column?

A

Iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis

72
Q

Intervertebral discs and bodies of vertebrae together form:

A

Secondary cartilaginous joints

73
Q

How much taller would you be in zero gravity?

A

5cm

74
Q

What does ligamenta flava try and resist?

A

They act to resist excessive flexion of the back

75
Q

Where do erector spinae muscles attache

A

sacrum and thoracolumbar fascia

76
Q

In a healthy young adult what percentage of the nucleus pulposus is water?

A

80-90

77
Q

The ligament that is most susceptible to sprains due to hyperflexion is:

A

Supraspinous

78
Q

The main function of the cruciform ligament is:

A

To prevent displacement of the dens

79
Q

During load transfer at vertebral joints which of the three articulations move together?

A 
All three
The zygapohyseal (facet) joints
The intervertebral joint
80
Q

Which muscle attaches to adjacent spinous processes?

A

Interspinales

81
Q

Which part of the cruciform ligament is the strongest?

A

The transverse ligament of the atlas

82
Q

Which of the following are both extrinsic back muscles?

A

Trapezius and serratus posterior

83
Q

Which ligaments are not very strong?

A

Intertransverse ligaments

84
Q

What part of the vertebra the most weight

A

Intervertebral discs and bodies

85
Q

The sacrococcygeal joint is a:

A

Secondary cartilaginous joint

86
Q

uncovertebral joints do NOT have a complete _____ lined with a ________ ________

A

uncovertebral joints do not have a complete capsule lined with a synovial membrane

87
Q

Maintaining lumbar lordosis during lifting does what?

A

Decreases load on spine

88
Q

Which of the following muscles acts to stabilise the lumbar region of the vertebral column during rotation?

A

Multifidus

89
Q

Open mouth X-ray allows imaging of which of the following:

A

Atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital joints

90
Q

Which of the following muscles does not attach to the skull?

A

Obliquus capitis inferior

91
Q

What two factors affect the range of motion at articulations between motion segments of the vertebral column?

A

Relative thickness of intervertebral disc and vertebral body

Orientation of zygapophyseal (facet) joints

92
Q

Does the posterior longitudinal ligament extend from C1 to the sacrum?

A

No

93
Q

What two factors affect the range of motion at articulations between motion segments of the vertebral column?

A

Relative thickness of intervertebral disc and vertebral body

Orientation of zygapophyseal (facet) joints

94
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament extends from _____ to ______

A

C2 to sacrum

95
Q

Atlanto-occipital joints permit ______, ______, and _______ ________

A

flexion, extension, and lateral flexion

96
Q

Transversospinalis muscles do not perform which type of movement?

A

flexion

97
Q

The joint capsule of zygapophyseal joints is:

A

thin and loose

98
Q

Early in life vertebral endplates contain what?

A

blood vessels

99
Q

annulus fibrosus inner 2/3 is ________

A

avascular

100
Q

When motion segments of the vertebral column move which of the following properties of the nucleus pulposus should change?

A

shape

101
Q

Which muscle attaches from the lamina to the transverse process of the vertebra below?

A

rotatores

102
Q

“Hangman’s fracture” is a fracture of which vertebra

A

C2

103
Q

The anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae are the site of attachment of which muscles?

A

longus capitis

104
Q

Intervertebral discs make up what percentage of the height of the vertebral column?

A

20-25

105
Q

Which ligament tightens when traction is applied to the head?

A

Apical

106
Q

Weakness of which of the following ligaments should be considered as contra-indication for mobilisation of the cervical spine?

A

Transverse ligament of the atlas

BMS172 - anatomy lower limb (13 decks)

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