Knee

Question 1

MCL, anterior and posterior intercondylar areas attach to this structure

Answer 1

Medial meniscus

Question 2

Popliteus tendon and posterior meniscofemoral ligament attach to this structure

Answer 2

Lateral meniscus

Question 3

Fibrocartilage frequently injured due to multiple attachments to surrounding structures

Answer 3

Medial meniscus

Question 4

Fibrocartilage that is more circular and moves more freely than its medial counterpart

Answer 4

Lateral meniscus

Question 5

___ is strong, flat and embedded in joint capsule, restricts valgus force, and runs from medial epicondyle to medial tibial condyle

Answer 5

MCL

Question 6

___ is strong, cord-like, and extracapsular, restricts varus force, and splits the biceps femoris into 2 tendons

Answer 6

LCL

Question 7

___ runs from anterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the lateral condyle of femur, has poor blood supply, and prevents excessive tibial anterior translation

Answer 7

ACL

Question 8

___ runs from posterior intercondylar area of tibia up to medial condyle of femur and prevents excessive tibial posterior translation

Answer 8

PCL

Question 9

The ___ is stronger than the ___

Answer 9

PCL; ACL

Question 10

What is the function of the Oblique Popliteal and Arcuate Popliteal ligaments?

Answer 10

Posterolateral joint stability for the knee

Question 11

What bursa are in the patellar area of the knee?

Answer 11

Prepatellar and infrapatellar

Question 12

What bursa are in the synovial cavity of the knee?

Answer 12

Suprapatellar, popliteus, pes anserinus, and gastrocnemius

Question 13

What does the prepatellar bursa do?

Answer 13

Allows skin to move over it due to living between the skin and quad tendon

Question 14

What are the two types of infrapatellar bursa?

Answer 14

Subcutaneous and deep

Question 15

What is important about the suprapatellar bursa?

Answer 15

It is continuous with the joint capsule, so infection can spread from it to the knee joint cavity

Question 16

Where is the popliteus bursa located?

Answer 16

Between the popliteus bone and muscle

Question 17

Where does the pes anserinus insert and what is important with this bursa?

Answer 17

Insertion of Sartorius, Gracilis, & Semitendinosus at proximal medial tibia and it tends to become painful with knee arthritis or total knee arthroplasty

Question 18

What is notable about the gastrocnemius bursa?

Answer 18

It is a couple of bursa between the heads of the gastroc and femoral condyles

Question 19

Which tibiofibular joint is superior, has its own capsule, cannot move without the inferior joint moving too, has a tense joint capsule surrounding it, and has the popliteus tendon crossing it?

Answer 19

Tibiofibular joint

Question 20

Which tibiofibular joint is inferior, a compound fibrous joint, and has 4 ligaments attached to it (anterior tibiofibular, interosseous tibiofibular, posterior tibiofibular, and inferior tibiofibular)?

Answer 20

Tibiofibular syndesmosis

Question 21

The tibialis anterior and posterior, fibularis longus, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus all contribute to maintain what?

Answer 21

The longitudinal arch of the foot

Question 22

What has an insertion of IT band at proximal lateral tibia?

Answer 22

Gerdy’s tubercle

Question 23

Which leg compartment contains ankle invertors and tibial nerve?

Answer 23

Deep posterior

Question 24

Which leg compartment contains ankle dorsiflexors and deep fibular nerve?

Answer 24

Anterior

Question 25

Which leg compartment contains ankle evertors and superficial fibular nerve?

Answer 25

Lateral

Question 26

Which leg compartment contains plantarflexors?

Answer 26

Superficial posterior

Question 27

The patellar tendon reflex tests the ___ nerve roots, and the Achilles tendon reflex tests the ___ nerve roots.

Answer 27

L2-4 (femoral nerve); S1-2 (tibial nerve)

Question 28

Foot inversion and ankle dorsiflexion test ___ nerve roots, and foot eversion and knee flexion test ___ nerve roots.

Answer 28

L4-5; L5-S1

Question 29

Which dermatome is the medial side of the great toe a landmark for?

Answer 29

L4

Question 30

Which dermatome is the shin/proximal fibular region a landmark for?

Answer 30

L5

Question 31

Which dermatome is the lateral malleolus/lateral calf region a landmark for?

Answer 31

S1

Question 32

Which cutaneous nerve is the anteriormedial leg region a landmark for?

Answer 32

Saphenous nerve

Question 33

Which cutaneous nerve is the posterior lateral leg region a landmark for?

Answer 33

Lateral sural cutaneous nerve

Question 34

Which cutaneous nerve is the area between the posterior border of fibula and achilles tendon a landmark for?

Answer 34

Sural nerve

Question 35

The biceps femoris, semimembranosus, gastrocnemius heads, and the skin and popliteal fascia are the boundaries for what?

Answer 35

Popliteal fossa

Question 36

Where is the biceps femoris a boundary for the popliteal fossa?

Answer 36

Superolateral

Question 37

Where is the semimembranosus a boundary for the popliteal fossa?

Answer 37

Superomedial

Question 38

Where is the gastrocnemius a boundary for the popliteal fossa?

Answer 38

Inferolateral and inferomedial

Question 39

Where is the skin and popliteal fascia a boundary for the popliteal fossa?

Answer 39

The root

Question 40

The small saphenous vein termination, popliteal artery and vein, tibial and common fibular nerves, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, and popliteal lymph nodes and vessels are the contents to what?

Answer 40

Popliteal fossa

Question 41

What is the replacement of femoral & tibial condyles, and posterior patella with prosthetic parts?

Answer 41

Total knee arthroplasty

Question 42

What is gait deviation caused by common fibular nerve damage and paralysis of dorsiflexors & evertors?

Answer 42

Foot drop

Question 43

What is tibialis anterior strain from repetitive microtrauma?

Answer 43

Shin splints

Question 44

The MCL tear + ACL tear + medial meniscus tear make up?

Answer 44

Unhappy triad

Question 45

What is maltracking of patella on trochlear groove of femur?

Answer 45

Patellofemoral syndrome

Question 46

What is hemorrhage, edema, &/or inflammation in enclosed fascial space causing nerve & blood vessel compression?

Answer 46

Compartment syndrome

Question 47

What is a consequence of compartment syndrome?

Answer 47

Ischemia or damage to tissue within/distal to compartment

Question 48

___ is done to alleviate pressure from compartment syndrome

Answer 48

Fasciotomy

Question 49

What is the softening of articular cartilage on the posterior surface of the patella?

Answer 49

Chondromalacia Patella (or "Runner's Knee")

Question 50

What are some reasons that chondromalacia patella occurs?

Answer 50

Patellar maltracking, repetitive stress at the range flexion, or direct blow to the patella

Question 51

What structure attaches distally to the lateral patellar retinaculum and can pull the patella laterally causing tracking issues?

Answer 51

Genu Valgus

Question 52

A patellar ___ is a partial dislocation, spontaneously reduces. While a patellar ___ is a complete separation of the joint that may reduce spontaneously or may require medical intervention.

Answer 52

Subluxation; dislocation

Question 53

When we see a rupture of a ___, we expect to see hyperextension, anterior force on femur with knee slightly flexed. The tibia slides anteriorly on the fixed femur (known as anterior drawer sign).

Answer 53

ACL

Question 54

When we see a rupture of a ___, we expect to see hyperflexion, posterior force on tibia. The tibia will slide posteriorly on fixed femur (known as posterior drawer sign).

Answer 54

PCL

Question 55

Why do meniscal tears have trouble healing?

Answer 55

They contain less blood supply

Question 56

Where does the meniscus have a nerve and blood supply?

Answer 56

Along the periphery of the meniscus

Question 57

___ is repeated friction and excessive pressure. ___ may be herniation of gastrocnemius or semimembranosus bursa through joint capsule into popliteal fossa.

Answer 57

Prepatellar bursitis; baker cyst

Question 58

___ is the dilation of veins due to incompetent valves

Answer 58

Varicose veins

Question 59

What causes incompetent valves with varicose veins?

Answer 59

Valves don't close or they invert, this causes blood to flow back down and pool, enlarging the vein

Question 60

Dilation or rotation of veins, venous stasis from loose fascia (no musculocutaneous pump), prolonged bed rest and muscular inactivity are all causes for ___

Answer 60

Varicose veins

Question 61

What is a potential deadly consequence of varicose veins?

Answer 61

Deep venous thrombosis or thrombophlebitis (type of DVT) that ends up becoming a pulmonary embolism