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Anatomy > Cervical Region > Flashcards

Cervical Region Flashcards

1
Q

What are the regions of the spine and how much vertebrae does each have?

A

Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5), coccyx (4)

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2
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Primary, posterior convexity (thoracic and sacral)

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3
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Secondary, anterior convexity (cervical and lumbar)

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4
Q

What is a vertebral end plate?

A

Thin layers of hyaline cartilage that covers the vertebral body

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5
Q

Describe the parts of the intervertebral discs

A

Resilient/deformable (allows them to serve as shock absorbers), made of two parts: nucleus pulposis and annular fibrosis, nerve and blood supply are only in outer annulus

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6
Q

What is annulus fibrosis?

A

Outercircumference of ring of disc

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7
Q

What is nucleus pulposis?

A

Avascular/aneural, disc can be compressed/stretched

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8
Q

Describe the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

A

Rests in C1/occiput to sacrum, it resists hyper extension of spine

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9
Q

Describe the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

A

It rests in C2 to sacrum, it resists hyper flexion and prevents posterior disc herniation

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10
Q

Describe the ligamentum flavum of the spine

A

Rests lamina to lamina, it assists return from flexion

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11
Q

Describe the supraspinatus ligament of the spine

A

Rests in the tips of the spinous process from C7 to sacrum

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12
Q

Describe the interspinous ligament of the spine

A

It rests between the spinous process from C7 to the sacrum

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13
Q

Describe the intertransverse ligament of the spine

A

It rests between the transverse process from C7 to the sacrum

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14
Q

What muscles are located in the extrinsic superficial area of the back?

A

Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, and rhomboids

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15
Q

What innervate all extrinsic superficial muscles except for the trapezius? And what do the muscles control?

A

Anterior rami of cervical nerves; they control the upper limbs

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16
Q

What muscles are located in the extrinsic intermediate area of the back?

A

Serratus posterior (it’s superior and deep to rhomboids and inferior and deep to the lats)

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17
Q

What innervate the serratus posterior?

A

Intercostal nerves

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18
Q

What muscles are in the superficial intrinsic area of the back?

A

Cervicis and capitis

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19
Q

What muscles are in the intermediate intrinsic area of the back?

A

Erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)

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20
Q

What muscles are in the deep intrinsic area of the back?

A

Transversospinalis (semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores)

21
Q

What is a spinal cord segment and how is it named?

A

It is a portion of the cord that gives rise to rootless and roots that form one pair of bilateral spinal nerves; it is named as the same nerves that come from it

22
Q

What is a spinal cord segment and how is it named?

A

It is a portion of the cord that gives rise to rootless and roots that form one pair of bilateral spinal nerves; it is named as the same nerves that come from it

23
Q

How do we have 7 cervical vertebrae but 8 cervical spinal nerves?

A

C1-7 all exit superiorly of the vertebrae, but C8 exits inferior of C7 vertebra

24
Q

What outside structures are innervated by the recurrent meningeal nerves?

A

Anterolateral vertebral bodies/discs, periosteum, and anterior longitudinal ligament

25
Q

What inside structures are innervated by the recurrent meningeal nerves?

A

Periosteum, ligamentum flavum, posterior anulus, posterior longitudinal ligament, dura mater, blood vessels

26
Q

Which structures of the vertebral column are innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves?

A

Skin, ligaments, joints and deep back muscles

27
Q

Which structures of the vertebral column are innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves?

A

Muscles and skin of the Anterolateral region and the limbs

28
Q

What defines cervical vertebrae from the other vertebrae?

A

They have small vertebral bodies, thin discs, C1-6 has transverse foramen (holes), anterior and posterior tubercles on transverse process

29
Q

What are “typical” cervical vertebrae?

A

C3-7

30
Q

What cervical vertebrae is considered “atypical”

A

C1-2

31
Q

Why is C1 atypical?

A

It holds the cranial up and has no vertebral body/spinous process, it’s the widest cervical vertebra, lateral masses connect to occipital condyle, named the “atlas”

32
Q

Why is C2 atypical?

A

Strongest cervical vertebra, large superior facets connect to C1, large buried spinous process, Dens (odontoid process) pivots for C1 and head to rotate, it is named the “axis”

33
Q

Describe craniovervical joint C0-1

A

Named the atlanto-occipital (A-O) joint, the bones involved are atlas and occipital condyles, has a synovial joint that is condyloid in shape and has tiny loose joint capsules

34
Q

What are the motions of the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Capital flexion/extension of head (nodding), some sideways tilting of head

35
Q

Describe craniocervical joint C1-2

A

Named the atlanto-axial joint, involves the atlas and axis bones, during rotation the dens of C2 is the pivot point/axis held in a socket formed by the anterior arch of atlas and transverse ligament of atlas

36
Q

What are the motions of the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Responsible for about half of rotation range of motion in the neck

37
Q

What would happen if the transverse ligament were to break?

A

The dens would move backward into spinal cord, or atlas would move forward which would pull the arch against the spinal cord (could be deadly)

38
Q

What would happen if the alar ligament breaks?

A

Full rotation would appear (high cervical instability)

39
Q

What structures of the spine guide it’s movement in each region?

A

Intervertebral discs, facet joints, capsules of facet joints, back muscles, ligaments, surrounding tissue bulk

40
Q

Why does the cervical spine have more movement than the rest of the spine?

A

Thicker discs compared to the vertebral bodies, loose facet capsules, large facet joints, less surrounding tissue bulk

41
Q

What is a carotid sinus?

A

Dilation of internal carotid artery, bororeceptor (measures/reacts to changes in pressure of artery), innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and some from vagus nerve (CN X)

42
Q

What is the carotid body?

A

Chemoreceptor (monitors blood/oxygen levels), stimulated by low oxygen levels and initiates faster/deeper breathing, faster HR, and increased blood pressure

43
Q

Map out arterial blood flow from the heart to the right common carotid artery

A

Ascending aorta, arch of aorta, brachiocephalic, right common carotid

(Left side) Ascending aorta, arch of aorta, left common carotid

44
Q

Map out arterial blood flow from the heart to the arteries that follow the subclavian

A

Ascending aorta, arch of aorta, brachiocephalic, right subclavian> vertebral, internalthoracic, thyrocervical, costcocervical, dorsal scapular arteries

(For left side) Ascending aorta, arch of aorta, left subclavian> vertebral, internalthoracic, thyrocervical, costcocervical, dorsal scapular arteries

45
Q

Map out from heart to circle of Willis

A

Ascending aorta, arch of aorta, brachiocephalic cephalic, right subclavian, vertebral, basilar, circle of Willis

(Left side) Ascending aorta, arch of aorta, left subclavian, vertebral, basilar, circle of Willis

46
Q

Map out venous drainage from external jugular vein

A

External jugular, brachiocephalic, superior vena cava

47
Q

Map out venous drainage from subclavian drain

A

Subclavian vein, right venous angle (lymph drains)

(Subclavian vein can also follow into brachiocephalic vein like the external jugular)

48
Q

What happens to each vertebral artery at the atlas during head rotation

A

Could tear/close off (occlude) with head rotation

Anatomy (7 decks)

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