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M Eval > Knee > Flashcards

Knee Flashcards

1
Q

Classification: Modified hinge joint
Degrees of freedom: Flexion, extension, internal rotation, external rotation
Function: Weight-bearing joint, susceptible to degenerative changes

A

Tibiofemoral Joint:

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2
Q

Angle between ASIS-patella line and patella-tibial tuberosity line
Normal range: Males: 13 degrees, Females: 18 degrees
Altered Q-angle: Affects patellar position, leading to genu varum or genu valgum

A

Q-Angle:

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3
Q

Abnormal angulation observed during sitting
Characteristics: Anteverted hip, laterally dislocated patella, externally rotated tibia

A

Bayonet’s Sign

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4
Q

Angle between femur and tibia axes
Normal range: 180-185 degrees
Altered angle: Indicates genu varum (decreased) or genu valgum (increased)

A

Medial Tibiofemoral Angle/Knee Angle

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5
Q

Genu Valgum vs. Genu Varum

A

Genu valgum: Knees close together, tibia outward
Genu varum: Knees apart, tibia inward

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6
Q

Features: Largest sesamoid bone, contains five facets
Function: Incongruent joint, contact during extension only at inferior pole

A

Patellofemoral Joint:

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7
Q

Softening of cartilage underneath the patella
Cause of knee pain, especially over full flexion
Most affected area: Odd facet
Cinema Sign: Knee pain upon standing after prolonged sitting

A

Chondromalacia Patellae

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8
Q

Umbrella term for anterior knee pain
Associated with patellar malalignment and tracking issues
Symptoms: Pain during stairs, prolonged sitting (movie sign), squatting, etc.

A

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS):

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9
Q

Procedure: Patient supine with knee flexed at 30 degrees, examiner laterally deviates patella
Positive test: Quads contraction or apprehension, indicating possible patellar subluxation or dislocation

A

Special Test: Fairbank’s Apprehension Test:

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9
Q

Inflammation of synovial fold causing snapping or catching sensation

A

Plica syndrome

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9
Q

Inflammation or impingement of infrapatellar fat pad causing anterior knee pain

A

Fat pad syndrome

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10
Q

Inflammation of patellar or quadriceps tendon, common in jumping sports

A

Tendonitis/jumper’s knee:

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11
Q

Irritation of IT band against lateral femoral condyle, seen in runners or cyclists

A

IT band friction syndrome:

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11
Q

Inflammation of bursa between skin and patella, causing swelling and tenderness

A

Inflammation of bursa between skin and patella, causing swelling and tenderness

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12
Q

Bone tissue death leading to retropatellar pain, most common in medial knee

A

Osteochondritis dissecans

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13
Q

Where is the pain felt in these cnditions
Sinding-Larsen Johansson syndrome:
Osgood-Schlatter disease:

A

Sinding-Larsen Johansson syndrome: Pain over inferior pole of patella
Osgood-Schlatter disease: Pain over tibial tuberosity

14
Q

Special Tests for PFPS:

A

Clarke’s Sign: Tests for patellar maltracking; patient in supine, examiner applies pressure on superior patella while patient contracts quadriceps.
Eccentric Step Test: Assesses patellar tracking during eccentric loading of quadriceps; patient descends a step with control.
Noble Compression Test: Evaluates for IT band friction syndrome; patient in supine with knee flexed, examiner applies pressure over lateral femoral condyle.

14
Q

Encloses patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints; reinforced by structures like subcrureus.
Two layers: Synovial (inner), Fibrous (outer); patellar plica are remnants of synovial membrane and can cause pain if not reabsorbed.

A

Joint Capsule

15
Q

Most commonly affected in plica syndrome is infrapatellar; medial plica is most symptomatic.

A

Patellar Plica:

15
Q

housemaid’s knee (),
vicar’s knee (),
clergy’s knee (),
Baker’s cyst ().

A

housemaid’s knee (prepatellar),
vicar’s knee (infrapatellar),
clergy’s knee (infrapatellar), and
Baker’s cyst (popliteal).

16
Q

Fibrocartilaginous discs shaped like “MCLO”; functions include enhancing joint congruency, distributing weight-bearing forces, reducing friction, and absorbing shock.
More mobile: Lateral meniscus; Susceptible to injury: Medial meniscus.

A

Menisci

17
Q

Meniscal Attachments:

A

Transverse ligament, patellomeniscal ligaments, coronary ligaments, meniscofemoral ligament, Ligament of Humphry (Anterior PCL), Ligament of Wrisberg.

17
Q

Triad of the Knee:

A

Consists of PCL, MCL, and ACL.

18
Q

Nutrition: Only outer portion has blood supply; inner portion receives nutrition via diffusion.
Innervation: Central position is avascular.

A

Meniscal Characteristics:

19
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Meniscal Injury:

A

Joint line pain, loss of flexion (>10 degrees) and extension (>5 degrees), swelling, crepitus, positive special tests for meniscal integrity.

19
Q

Effect of Tibial Rotation on Cruciate and Collateral Ligaments:

A

Lateral rotation of tibia (ERCOLTA): Medial and lateral collateral ligaments become taut, while medial and lateral cruciate ligaments become lax.
Medial rotation of tibia (IRCRUTA): Cruciate ligaments become taut, while collateral ligaments become lax.

19
Q

Primary rotatory stabilizers of the knee, restraining antero-posterior tibial motion and internal rotation of the tibia.
Intracapsular and extrasynovial (ICES); no intrinsic source of depression, necessitating replacement if damaged.

A

Cruciate Ligaments:

20
Q

Special Test for ACL Injury:

A

Anterior Drawer Test: Knee flexed to 90 degrees.
Lachman Test: Knee flexed to 25 degrees (20-30 degrees); considered better than Anterior Drawer Test due to hamstring contraction.

21
Q

MOI Tibia anteriorly displaced, externally rotated, with a valgus force.

A

Anteromedial Instability:

22
Q

MOI Tibia anteriorly displaced, internally rotated, with a varus force.

A

Anterolateral Instability:

23
Q

MOI Tibia posteriorly displaced, internally rotated, with a valgus force.

A

Posteromedial Instability:

23
Q

MOI Tibia posteriorly displaced, externally rotated, with a varus force.

A

Posterolateral Instability:

24
Q

Screw Home Mechanism/Locking of the Knee

A

Open Kinetic Chain (OKC): External rotation of the tibia in the last degrees of knee extension.
Closed Kinetic Chain (CKC): Femur internally rotates on the fixed tibia.

25
Q

Mechanism of Injury: Vulnerable as it passes the fibula, injuries over the fibula can lead to foot drop or steppage gait due to loss of dorsiflexion.

A

Common Peroneal Nerve:

26
Q

Mechanism of Injury and Manifestation: Injury directed over the vastus medialis or adductor longus can lead to medial knee pain and loss of sensation in the medial aspect, known as Turner’s sign.

A

Saphenous Nerve:

M Eval (15 decks)

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