Knee

Question 1

What are the two joints of the knee joint?

Answer 1

The tibiofemoral and the patellofemoral

Question 2

What articulates in the tibeofemoral joint?

Answer 2

The shallow tibial plateau and the large femoral condyles

Question 3

What is genu valgum?

Answer 3

Knees in

Question 4

What is Genu varum?

Answer 4

Knees out

Question 5

What is the role of the menisci?

Answer 5

wedge to improve joint congruency
shock absorption
decrease friction

Question 6

Where is most of the pressure in single leg stance placed?

Answer 6

On the medial condyle of femur (larger)

Question 7

Arthrokinematics knee flexion

Answer 7

Anterior roll with posterior glide

Question 8

Arthrokinematics knee extension

Answer 8

Posterior roll with anterior glide

Question 9

What is the difference in size btwn the borders and center of the menisci?

Answer 9

Borders are thick, center is thiner

Question 10

What tibiofemoral joint alignment will you often see in OA?

Answer 10

Genu Varum (pain @ medial femoral condyle so put more pressure on lateral condyle), with TOES OUT to reduce load on femoral condyle

Question 11

What is a knee adduction moment?

Answer 11

Putting more pressure on the medial side. can be measured in gait lab

Question 12

What are the pointed portions of the menisci called?

Answer 12

Anterior and posterior horn

Question 13

Which meniscus has more ligamentous attachments?

Answer 13

The medial meniscus

Question 14

What parts of the meniscus attach to the ACL?

Answer 14

Anterior and posterior horn of medial meniscus

Question 15

How are the medial and lateral menisci connected?

Answer 15

Transverse ligament

Question 16

Which meniscus attaches to the PCL?

Answer 16

The lateral meniscus

Question 17

What happens during compression at the tibiofemoral joint without a meniscus?

Answer 17

Loads will increase on a smaller surface area, which may cause a disruption in hyaline cartilage

Question 18

What is the mechanical axis?

Answer 18

Where does the force go through (right through the femur and the tibia)

Question 19

What is the anatomical axis?

Answer 19

follows the line of the femur

Question 20

What is terminal rotation/screw home mechanism?

Answer 20

Rotation of tibia on femur or femur on tibia

WB: medial rotation of femur on tibia; NWB: lateral rotation of tibia on femur

Question 21

What muscle unlocks the “screw home mechanism” of knee?

Answer 21

The popliteus

Question 22

What is the structure of the MCL?

Answer 22

Broad, flat and long

Question 23

When is the MCL taut? What is its primary role? Secondary role?

Answer 23

during extension. Limits valgus stress. Resist tibial anterior translation

Question 24

What are the two components of the MCL?

Answer 24

Superficial-attaches from posterior ligament to medial femoral ligament (primary restraint of valgus force)
Deep- (attacks to medial meniscus, continuous w/ jt capsule)

Question 25

What is the structure of the lateral collateral ligament?

Answer 25

Cordlike and thick

Question 26

What tendon does the lateral collateral ligament join with?

Answer 26

The biceps femoris tendon

Question 27

When is the LCL taut and relaxed?

Answer 27

Taut in extension, relaxed in flexion

Question 28

Does the LCL attach to the lateral meniscus?

Answer 28

Nah

Question 29

What is the attachment of the LCL?

Answer 29

Lateral femoral condyle to the fibular head

Question 30

What is the structure of the ACL?

Answer 30

Oblique fibers

Question 31

What is the ACL attach to

Answer 31

Lateral anterior portion of the tibia and the lateral femoral condyle (posterior-medial mortion)

Question 32

What is the ACL responsible for?

Answer 32

``` Anterior stability (Anterior translation of the tibia) prevent hyperextension ```

Question 33

What are the two bundles of the ACL?

Answer 33

anteromedial (AMB) | Posteriolateral (PLB)

Question 34

What does the PLB of the ACL limit?

Answer 34

Anterior translation in extension

Question 35

What does the AMB of the ACL limit?

Answer 35

anterior translation with a flexed knee

Question 36

What portion of the knee gets torn with a flexed knee and rotation?

Answer 36

AMB

Question 37

What is the structure of the PCL?

Answer 37

Broader, shorter, less oblique (than ACL)

Question 38

What does the PCL restrain?

Answer 38

Posterior translation of the tibia

Question 39

What are the two bundles of the PCL?

Answer 39

Anteriolateral | Posteriomedial

Question 40

Which is easier to repair ACL or PCL?

Answer 40

ACL

Question 41

When does the ALB best limit posterior translation?

Answer 41

Beginning portions of flexion

Question 42

When does the PMB best limit posterior translation?

Answer 42

Extension | Deeper squats--> increased flexion

Question 43

What does the patella articulate with?

Answer 43

The femur

Question 44

Which facet of the patella has the most hyaline cartilage?

Answer 44

The medial facet, because of the high compressive loads applied to it

Question 45

What is a patellectomy?

Answer 45

Removal of the patella

Question 46

What happens with a patellectomy?

Answer 46

Decreased moment arm, increased compression, altered angle of pull

Question 47

What does the patella do?

Answer 47

Increases the moment arm of the quadriceps and acts as an anatomical pulley

Question 48

What is Patella alta?

Answer 48

Patella is higher

Question 49

What is Patella baja?

Answer 49

Patella is lower

Question 50

How is normal patellar tracking described?

Answer 50

A "c" curve

Question 51

What happens to the patella during tracking?

Answer 51

Travels upward along patellofemoral groove

Question 52

What happens to the patella during flexion?

Answer 52

Patella rotates, tilts laterally

Question 53

What happens to the patella during extension

Answer 53

Patella rotates, tilts medially

Question 54

What are the two posterior capsule ligaments?

Answer 54

arcuate ligament | oblique popliteal ligament

Question 55

What is the primary fxn of the posterior capsule ligaments?

Answer 55

Restrain hyperextension | both are taut in extension

Question 56

The oblique popliteal ligament reinforces which part of the joint capsule?

Answer 56

posteromedial

Question 57

The arcuate ligament reinforces which part of the joint capsule?

Answer 57

posterolateral

Question 58

What are the attachments of the arcuate ligament?

Answer 58

tendon of popliteus and posterior capsule to posterior fibular head (lateral arcuate head) and oblique popliteal ligament (medial arcuate head) (remember, it is Y-shaped and has to heads)

Question 59

What are the attachments of the oblique popliteal ligament?

Answer 59

central posterior joint capsule and tendinous expansion of semimembranosus to the posterior medial tibial condyle