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MII > killing pathogens > Flashcards

killing pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What cytokine does the effector T cell Th1 produce and its role

A

Produces IFN-y(gamma) and v good at activating macrophages to improve phagocytosis

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2
Q

What cytokines does the effector T cell Th2 produce and their roles

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13
Can activate eosinophils and mast cell activation

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3
Q

What cytokines does the effector T cell Th17 produce and its role

A

IL-17
IL-22
Activate and recruit neutrophils

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4
Q

What does signal 3 direct

A

Directs T cell effector function

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5
Q

How is signal 3 induced

A

Signal 3 given by cytokines and tells T cell the infection type (bacteria, virus, parasite) so which subset it can differentiate to

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6
Q

What happens after a T cell has differentiated

A

Th1/2/17 cells migrate to infection site to aid innate immune response

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7
Q

What are the different classes of B cells

A

IgM
IgA
IgG
IgE

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8
Q

What are characteristics of igM

A

Good complement fixer
Good opsonizer
First antibody made

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9
Q

What are characteristics of IgA

A

Resistant to stomach acid
Protects mucosal surfaces
Secreted in milk

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10
Q

What are characteristics of IgG

A

Ok complement fixer
Good opsonizer
Helps NK cell kill
Can cross placenta

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11
Q

What are characteristics of IgE

A

Defends against parasites
Causes anaphylactic shock
Causes allergies

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12
Q

How does the classical pathway function

A

Uses Ab (IgM/IgG) to identify pathogen
Ab has high affinity for its Ag increasing specificity and efficiency of complement activation

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13
Q

What are the three main effector functions of complement

A

1)opsonisation to enhance phagocytosis
2)stimulating inflammation by recruiting and activating immune cells
3)lysing microbes and cells

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14
Q

What are the by products of complement activation

A

C3a
C4a
C5a

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15
Q

How do the byproducts of complement activation act

A

Act locally - recruit cells to infection site and activate cells

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16
Q

What is the respiratory burst in phagosome killing

A

The enzyme phagocyte oxidase + cofactor NADPH oxidase initiate respiratory burst coverting O2 into reaction oxygen species e.g hydrogen peroxide

17
Q

What can neutrophils produce that degrades bacteria

A

Elastase

18
Q

How does a neutrophil die

A

Process called NETosis

19
Q

How does NETosis work

A

Nucleus swells and burst extruding DNA which has anti-microbial molecules attached => can trap and kill bactreia, fungi and viruses

20
Q

Which T helper cells enhance immunity to helminths

A

T helper 2 cells (Th2)

21
Q

How does Th2 cells enhance immunity to helminths

A

IL-4 and IL-13 enhance muscle contractions and IL-4 promotes mast cell degranulation

22
Q

How do memory T and B cells estalist effector functions

A

T cells committed to correct phenotype - Th1/T2/Th17
B cells committed to correct isotype/class - IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE

23
Q

Why are immune cells targets for infection

A

Evading the killing mechanism makes infection easier (macrophage)
Immune cells migrate around the host - good transporters
Immune evasion makes it easier to manipulate immune pathways

24
Q

What are characteristics of listeria monocytogenes

A

Can break out of phagosome and then lives ＋replicates in the cytosol
Uses host actin to move within and between cells

25
Q

How are macrophages fully activated

A

Via the cytokine IFN-y(gamma).

26
Q

What is mycobacterium tuberculosis good at

A

Evading phagocytosis

27
Q

What does mycobacterium tuberculosis result in

A

Chronic infections w continual production of IFN-y(gamma) and macrophage activation

28
Q

What do viral infections stimulate the production of

A

Type 1 interferons

29
Q

What are the types of interferons

A

IFN-a(alpha)
IFN-B(beta)

30
Q

What do type 1 IFNs induce

A

Anti-viral state in cells that protects them from being infected

31
Q

What are the functions of type 1 IFNs

A

Inhibition of viral gene expression
Induces apoptosis
Promote T cell and NK cell activation

32
Q

How does the Type 1 IFN function by inhibiting viral gene expression

A

Block viral transcription and translation
Viral RNA degradation
Autophagy (cells eat own organelles)

33
Q

How does the Type 1 IFN function by inducing apoptosis

A

Misfolded viral proteins triggers unfolded protein response causing apoptosis

34
Q

How does the Type 1 IFN function by promoting T cell and NK cell activation

A

Sequester lymphocytes in LN
Increases cytotoxicity of CTL and NK cells
Promote Th1 differentiation

35
Q

What do NK (natural killer) cells target

A

Target cels infected with bacteria, virus and protozoa

36
Q

How are perforin and granzyme used as killing mechanisms

A

Perforin creates a pore in the infected cells membrane
Granzyme enters via pore and induces apoptosis

37
Q

How do Fas and Fas ligand mediated cell killing work

A

Target cells express Fas ligand
CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte)/NK express FAS ligand (FasL) activating fas
Fas activation signals apoptosis

MII (21 decks)

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