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MII > immunological overview infection: maleria > Flashcards

immunological overview infection: maleria Flashcards

1
Q

What does a plasmodium need to cause infection

A

Two hosts: human and anopheles mosquito

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2
Q

What is the plasmodium life cycle in a human

A

11-14 days
Skin: sporozoites enter and travel to liver
Liver: invasion and replication
Blood: erythrocytic cycle = fever

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3
Q

What is the plasmodium life cycle in a mosquito

A

(7-14 days)
Gametocytes ingested and mature (sexual stage)
Fertilisation -> Ookinete -> oocyst gut wall
Release of sporozoites -> salivary gland

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4
Q

What response do sporozoites elicit

A

Elicit priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in lymph nodes

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5
Q

What are the three steps sporozoites take to leave the skin

A

Migration
Destruction
Lymph node entry

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6
Q

What is the migration process of sporozoites

A

Sporozoite is motile and migrates through the dermis seeking a blood vessel

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7
Q

What is the destruction process of sporozoites

A

Immune system reacts to destroy invading sporozoites (macrophages)

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8
Q

What is the process of lymph node entry

A

Travel to draining lymph node where they are taken up by antigen presenting cells

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9
Q

How is the exogenous antigen, which is outside the cell, processed

A

Processed and loaded onto MHC class II, and presented to a T helper cell (Th, CD4+)

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10
Q

What is an exogenous antigen

A

An exogenous antigen refers to any antigen that originated outside the body

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11
Q

What is an endogenous antigen

A

An antigen that orgiginates from a cell

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12
Q

How is an endogenous antigen (inside the cells) processed

A

Processed and loaded onto MHC class I and presented to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs, CD8+)

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13
Q

What is cross-presentation

A

Process by APCs which is mediated by perforin 2 and can export antigen from an endosome into the cytoplasm

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14
Q

Why do sporozoites target the liver once entered the blood stream

A

Liver is Primary target organ for sporozoites to cross the liver sinusoidal barrier and enter hepatocytes

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15
Q

What are hepatocytes and their importance

A

Specialised epithelial cells important for protein synthesis and storage, production of bile and synthesis of blood clotting factors

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16
Q

What cells can take up sporozoites

A

Kuppfer cells (macrophage subset in the liver)

17
Q

What do sporozoites trigger

A

Trigger a local innate response in liver

18
Q

What happens to the infected hepatocyte

A

Infected hepatocytes recognise sporozoites
Release type I interferon
Signals to neighbouring hepatocytes
Reduces chances of infection
Increases antigen presentation

19
Q

What is the FAS/FASL mechanism of killing infected hepatocytes

A

FAS/FASL => death receptor => activates caspases

20
Q

What is the perforin and granzyme B mechanism of killing infected hepatocytes

A

Perforin + granzyme B => pore forming protein followed by family of serine proteases => induces apoptosis

21
Q

What is hepatomegaly

A

Enlargement of the liver which is caused by malaria

22
Q

What is splenomegaly

A

Enlargement of the spleen caused by malaria

23
Q

Why is the spleen important

A

Filtration of parasitised red blood cells
Activates T and B cells

24
Q

What is clinical malaria driven by

A

Driven by blood stage infection

25
Q

What are the mechanisms leading to less RBC’s (red blood cells)

A

Lysis of parasitised (p) RBCs
Removal of pRBCs in the spleen
Decreased and/or suppression of erythropoiesis
Removal of uninfected RBCs

26
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

The process in which RBCs (red blood cells) are made in the body

27
Q

Why can the removal of pRBCs cause the decrease of uninfected RBCs

A

For ever 1 pRBC, 12 uninfected RBCs are lost

28
Q

What is haemozoin (Hz)

A

A product of haemoglobin metabolism by plasmodia

29
Q

What is dyserthropoiesis

A

Suppression of erythropoiesis

30
Q

What are 5 features of naturally acquired immunity

A

Effective in adults after uninterrupted lifelong heavy exposure
Lost upon cessation of exposure
Species specific
Somewhat stage specific
Acquired at a rate which was dependent on exposure

31
Q

Why would immunity be hard to achieve with malaria

A

Antigenic variation
Regulation of the immune reponse e.g IL-10 preventing activation within cells

32
Q

What does the T regulatory 1 cells produce

A

IL-10

33
Q

What does IL-10 do

A

Inhibits immune cell function therefor efficient function and development of quality memory responses

MII (21 decks)

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