Kidneys and Ureters

Question 1

what makes up the urinary system?

Answer 1

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

Question 2

what should you look at with ultrasound for the kidneys?

Answer 2

location
size
shape
echogenicity

Question 3

how does cat age affect renal size?

Answer 3

decreases in size with age

Question 4

how large should the renal pelvis be?

Answer 4

<2mm

Question 5

what is the echogenicity of the renal cortex compared to the spleen and liver?

Answer 5

hypoechoic to spleen
isoechoic to liver

Question 6

what is a diffuse renal change?

Answer 6

increase in echogenicity

Question 7

what does increased echogenicity of the cortex and medulla look like?

Answer 7

decreased corticomedullary distinction

Question 8

what are some ultrasound kidney findings with leptospirosis in dogs?

Answer 8

renomegaly
pyelectasia
increased cortical echogenicity
perinephric effusion
medullary band of increased echogenicity

Question 9

what can be seen with renal lymphoma in cats?

Answer 9

hypoechoic subcapsular thickening

Question 10

what can be seen with renal lymphoma in dogs?

Answer 10

bilateral
renomegaly
hypoechoic lesions
increased echogenicity
decreased corticomedullary distinction
pyelectasia

Question 11

what do renal cysts look like?

Answer 11

single or multiple
anechoic
thin-walled
distal enhancement

Question 12

in which cats is polycystic renal disease commonly seen?

Answer 12

persian cats

Question 13

what is the echogenicity of renal infarcts?

Answer 13

hyperechoic

Question 14

what is the difference between pyelectasia and hydronephrosis?

Answer 14

hydronephrosis more severe: >13mm

Question 15

what can cause mild distension of the renal pelvis?

Answer 15

full bladder
increased diuresis/polyuria

Question 16

are extramural ectopic ureters more common in males or females?

Answer 16

males

Question 17

what is the size of the kidneys?

Answer 17

dog: 5.5-9.1 x aorta
cat: 3-4.5 cm

Question 18

what is the echogenicity of the medulla?

Answer 18

hypoechoic to cortex

Question 19

what is the significance of medullary rim sign?

Answer 19

most dogs with it have no renal dysfunction
can also be incidental in cats

Question 20

what can cause increased cortical echogenicity and decreased corticomedullary distinction?

Answer 20

interstitial nephritis
glomerulonephritis
chronic kidney disease
round-cell
nephrocalcinosis
acute tubular necrosis

Question 21

what can be seen with acute renal failure?

Answer 21

pyelectasia
increased echogenicity
renomegaly
perirenal effusion
perirenal steatitis

Question 22

what does chronic kidney disease look like on ultrasound?

Answer 22

small
irregular
hyperechoic
uni- or bilateral

Question 23

what can cause focal hyperechoic renal changes?

Answer 23

renal infarcts
mineralization

Question 24

what can cause focal hypoechoic or mixed renal changes?

Answer 24

neoplasia
abscess
hematoma
granuloma

Question 25

what can cause focal anechoic renal changes?

Answer 25

cysts

Question 26

which dogs are likely to have polycystic renal disease?

Answer 26

beagle
bull terrier
west highland white terrer
cairn terrier

Question 27

what is seen with polycystic renal disease?

Answer 27

multiple cysts
hepatic and pancreatic cysts

Question 28

what do renal infarcts look like?

Answer 28

triangular or linear
cortex
hyperechoic
if chronic: indentation

Question 29

what is distention of the renal pelvis?

Answer 29

pyelectasia: more mild
hydronephrosis: >13mm

Question 30

what can cause severe distention of the renal pelvis?

Answer 30

pyelonephritis, ureteritis
obstruction
ectopic ureters

Question 31

what can cause ureters to be distended?

Answer 31

calculi
mass
infection
ectopic

Question 32

do females usually get extramural or intramural ectopic ureters?

Answer 32

intramural

Question 33

how are ectopic ureters best diagnosed?

Answer 33

CT
cystoscopy

Question 34

what are the indirect signs of ectopic ureters?

Answer 34

renal pelvis distention
ureteral distention