Kidneys and Ureters Flashcards
what makes up the urinary system?
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
what should you look at with ultrasound for the kidneys?
location
size
shape
echogenicity
how does cat age affect renal size?
decreases in size with age
how large should the renal pelvis be?
<2mm
what is the echogenicity of the renal cortex compared to the spleen and liver?
hypoechoic to spleen
isoechoic to liver
what is a diffuse renal change?
increase in echogenicity
what does increased echogenicity of the cortex and medulla look like?
decreased corticomedullary distinction
what are some ultrasound kidney findings with leptospirosis in dogs?
renomegaly
pyelectasia
increased cortical echogenicity
perinephric effusion
medullary band of increased echogenicity
what can be seen with renal lymphoma in cats?
hypoechoic subcapsular thickening
what can be seen with renal lymphoma in dogs?
bilateral
renomegaly
hypoechoic lesions
increased echogenicity
decreased corticomedullary distinction
pyelectasia
what do renal cysts look like?
single or multiple
anechoic
thin-walled
distal enhancement
in which cats is polycystic renal disease commonly seen?
persian cats
what is the echogenicity of renal infarcts?
hyperechoic
what is the difference between pyelectasia and hydronephrosis?
hydronephrosis more severe: >13mm
what can cause mild distension of the renal pelvis?
full bladder
increased diuresis/polyuria
are extramural ectopic ureters more common in males or females?
males
what is the size of the kidneys?
dog: 5.5-9.1 x aorta
cat: 3-4.5 cm
what is the echogenicity of the medulla?
hypoechoic to cortex
what is the significance of medullary rim sign?
most dogs with it have no renal dysfunction
can also be incidental in cats
what can cause increased cortical echogenicity and decreased corticomedullary distinction?
interstitial nephritis
glomerulonephritis
chronic kidney disease
round-cell
nephrocalcinosis
acute tubular necrosis
what can be seen with acute renal failure?
pyelectasia
increased echogenicity
renomegaly
perirenal effusion
perirenal steatitis
what does chronic kidney disease look like on ultrasound?
small
irregular
hyperechoic
uni- or bilateral
what can cause focal hyperechoic renal changes?
renal infarcts
mineralization
what can cause focal hypoechoic or mixed renal changes?
neoplasia
abscess
hematoma
granuloma
what can cause focal anechoic renal changes?
cysts
which dogs are likely to have polycystic renal disease?
beagle
bull terrier
west highland white terrer
cairn terrier
what is seen with polycystic renal disease?
multiple cysts
hepatic and pancreatic cysts
what do renal infarcts look like?
triangular or linear
cortex
hyperechoic
if chronic: indentation
what is distention of the renal pelvis?
pyelectasia: more mild
hydronephrosis: >13mm
what can cause severe distention of the renal pelvis?
pyelonephritis, ureteritis
obstruction
ectopic ureters
what can cause ureters to be distended?
calculi
mass
infection
ectopic
do females usually get extramural or intramural ectopic ureters?
intramural
how are ectopic ureters best diagnosed?
CT
cystoscopy
what are the indirect signs of ectopic ureters?
renal pelvis distention
ureteral distention
