Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards
what should you look at in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract?
wall thickness
wall layering
contents
motility
how many contractions per minute does the stomach have?
4-5 contractions/min
where is the mucosa thickest?
duodenum
small bowel/intestine
what are the walls like in the colon?
very thin
what are intussusceptions usually associated with?
other diseases
rarely on own
what can cause mechical ileus (obstruction)?
foreign body
intussusception
neoplasia
what is seen with linear foreign bodies?
no obstruction
plication
what can be found on ultrasound with enteritis?
ultrasound can be normal
wall thickening
corrugation
regional steatitis
reactivee lymphadenopathy
decreased motility
what is corrugation?
undulation of mucosa +/- submucosa
where can ulcers be?
stomach
duodenum
colon
what can be the etiology of ulcers?
inflammatory and neoplastic
what does neoplasia look like on ultrasound?
hypoechoic mass or thickening
focal loss of wall layering
lymphadenopathy
decreased motility
mechanical ileus
what types of neoplasia are common in dog gastrointestinal tracts?
carcinoma
lymphoma
spindle cell tumors
what are the two presentations of gastrointestinal lymphoma on ultrasound?
mass
multisegmental or diffuse thickening of muscular layer: no loss wall layering
how thick should the walls of the stomach be?
dogs 2-5 mm
cats 2-4 mm
how thick should the walls of the duodenum and jejunum be in a cat?
2.2 mm
what layers of the gastrointestinal tract walls are hypoechoic?
mucosa
muscularis
what layers of the gastrointestinal tract walls are hyperechoic?
serosa/submucosa
submucosa
interface (around lumen)
which part of the intussusception is internal and which is external?
intussuscipiens is external
intussuceptum is internal
where can an intussusception occur?
small bowel
large bowel
rare: stomach
how can you recognize a foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract?
acoustic shadowing
linear foreign body: plication
what does inflammatory bowel disease look like on ultrasound?
multisegmental or diffuse
wall thickening
altered wall layering: muscular thickening, mucosal changes
what mucosal changes can be seen with inflammatory bowel disease?
increased echogenicity
speckles
striations
fibrosis
what types of neoplasia are common in cat gastrointestinal tracts?
lymphoma
adenocarcinoma
mast cell tumors
what is characteristic of gastric carcinoma?
pseudolayering
how can you recognize multisegmental or diffuse GI lymphoma?
muscularis:submucosa ratio >1
no loss of wall layering
regional lymphadenopathy
biopsy to distinguish from IBD
can large and small cell lymphoma be multifocal?
only large cell
