Gastrointestinal Tract

Question 1

what should you look at in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 1

wall thickness
wall layering
contents
motility

Question 2

how many contractions per minute does the stomach have?

Answer 2

4-5 contractions/min

Question 3

where is the mucosa thickest?

Answer 3

duodenum
small bowel/intestine

Question 4

what are the walls like in the colon?

Answer 4

very thin

Question 5

what are intussusceptions usually associated with?

Answer 5

other diseases
rarely on own

Question 6

what can cause mechical ileus (obstruction)?

Answer 6

foreign body
intussusception
neoplasia

Question 7

what is seen with linear foreign bodies?

Answer 7

no obstruction
plication

Question 8

what can be found on ultrasound with enteritis?

Answer 8

ultrasound can be normal
wall thickening
corrugation
regional steatitis
reactivee lymphadenopathy
decreased motility

Question 9

what is corrugation?

Answer 9

undulation of mucosa +/- submucosa

Question 10

where can ulcers be?

Answer 10

stomach
duodenum
colon

Question 11

what can be the etiology of ulcers?

Answer 11

inflammatory and neoplastic

Question 12

what does neoplasia look like on ultrasound?

Answer 12

hypoechoic mass or thickening
focal loss of wall layering
lymphadenopathy
decreased motility
mechanical ileus

Question 13

what types of neoplasia are common in dog gastrointestinal tracts?

Answer 13

carcinoma
lymphoma
spindle cell tumors

Question 14

what are the two presentations of gastrointestinal lymphoma on ultrasound?

Answer 14

mass
multisegmental or diffuse thickening of muscular layer: no loss wall layering

Question 15

how thick should the walls of the stomach be?

Answer 15

dogs 2-5 mm
cats 2-4 mm

Question 16

how thick should the walls of the duodenum and jejunum be in a cat?

Answer 16

2.2 mm

Question 17

what layers of the gastrointestinal tract walls are hypoechoic?

Answer 17

mucosa
muscularis

Question 18

what layers of the gastrointestinal tract walls are hyperechoic?

Answer 18

serosa/submucosa
submucosa
interface (around lumen)

Question 19

which part of the intussusception is internal and which is external?

Answer 19

intussuscipiens is external
intussuceptum is internal

Question 20

where can an intussusception occur?

Answer 20

small bowel
large bowel
rare: stomach

Question 21

how can you recognize a foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 21

acoustic shadowing
linear foreign body: plication

Question 22

what does inflammatory bowel disease look like on ultrasound?

Answer 22

multisegmental or diffuse
wall thickening
altered wall layering: muscular thickening, mucosal changes

Question 23

what mucosal changes can be seen with inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer 23

increased echogenicity
speckles
striations
fibrosis

Question 24

what types of neoplasia are common in cat gastrointestinal tracts?

Answer 24

lymphoma
adenocarcinoma
mast cell tumors

Question 25

what is characteristic of gastric carcinoma?

Answer 25

pseudolayering

Question 26

how can you recognize multisegmental or diffuse GI lymphoma?

Answer 26

muscularis:submucosa ratio >1
no loss of wall layering
regional lymphadenopathy
biopsy to distinguish from IBD

Question 27

can large and small cell lymphoma be multifocal?

Answer 27

only large cell