Bladder and Urethra

Question 1

which urinary calculi are not radiopaque?

Answer 1

urate
cysteine

Question 2

what can make up sediment in the bladder?

Answer 2

crystals
cells
lipids (cats)

Question 3

where is neoplasia in the bladder?

Answer 3

trigone/dorsal in dogs
anywhere in cats

Question 4

how can you recognize cystitis in the bladder on ultrasound?

Answer 4

diffuse/cranioventral thickening
regular or irregular
often calculi/sediment
females>males

Question 5

what are the layers of the bladder wall?

Answer 5

mucosa/submucosa
muscular
serosa

Question 6

what is the bladder wall thickness when it is minimally distended and moderately distended?

Answer 6

minimal: 2.3mm
moderate: 1.4mm

Question 7

what are potential urinary calculi?

Answer 7

calcium oxalate
calcium phosphate
struvite
silicate
urate
cysteine

Question 8

what is neoplasia like in the bladder?

Answer 8

focal thickening/mass
dorsal/trigone in dogs
anywhere in cats
irregular
regional lymphadenopathy
epithelial

Question 9

what is cystitis like?

Answer 9

diffuse/cranioventral thickening
regular or irregular- polyploid
often calculi/sediment
females>males