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Systems Physiology > Kidney Structure and Function 1 > Flashcards

Kidney Structure and Function 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys

A

By excretion of water and solutes the kidneys regulate the volume and composition of body fluids within a narrow range

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2
Q

What do the kidneys regulate

A
  • Body fluid osmolality (kg) and volume
  • Electrolyte balance
  • Acid-Base balance
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3
Q

What hormones do the kidneys produce and secrete

A

Renin, erythropoietin and calcitriol

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4
Q

Name some end products of metabolism that are excreted by the kidneys

A

Urea (from AAs)
Uric acids (from nucleic acids)
Creatinine (muscle creatine)

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5
Q

What regulates urination

A

2 sphincters surrounding the urethra

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6
Q

What % of the CO makes up the renal blood supply

A

20%

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7
Q

What does the renal vein drain into

A

The inferior vena cava

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8
Q

What is the outer and inner layer of the kidney called

A

Outer - Cortex

Inner - Medulla

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9
Q

What is a renal column

A

Extensions of the renal cortex

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10
Q

What are renal pyramids

A

The triangular shaped tissue in the medulla formed by the renal columns

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11
Q

What are the papillae

A

The apical end of each renal pyramid

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12
Q

What is a minor calyx

A

The tissue that surrounds the papilla

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13
Q

What is the major calyx

A

The structure formed when you put all the minor calyxes together

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14
Q

What is the renal pelvis

A

The structure when you put the major calyxes together

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15
Q

What is the hilum

A

A deep vertical slit on the medial margin of each kidney through which the renal and lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and leave

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16
Q

What are the 2 main types of nephron

A

Cortical

Juxtamedullary

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17
Q

Where are the cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons found

A 
Cortical = originates in outer two thirds of the cortex
Juxtamedullary = originates in inner one third of cortex and have loops of hence that pass deep into the medulla
18
Q

Name the structures of the nephron in order

A 
Bowmans capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubules
Collecting Ducts
19
Q

What is the role of the renal corpuscle (glomerulus and bowman capsule)

A

Formation of ultra filtrate

20
Q

What is the role of the proximal tubule

A

Bulk reabsorption of slots and water and secretion of solutes (except potassium)

21
Q

What is the role of the loop of hence

A

Establishes medullary osmotic gradient

Reabsorption of water (descending limb) and NaCl (ascending limb)

22
Q

What is the role of the Distal convoluted tubule

A

Fine-tuning of the reabsorption /secretion of small quantities of solute

23
Q

What is the role of the collecting duct

A

Fine-tuning of water reabsorption

Reabsorption of urea

24
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

A specialised structure where the DCT passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles that supply the glomerulus

25
Q

What is the macula densa

A

The short section of the DCT that sense the flow and composition of tubular fluid, it touches the specialised region of the afferent arteriole whose granular cells secrete renin

26
Q

What does the glomerular filtrate pass through to get into the lumen of the bowman capsule

A

From the capillary lumen through the fenestrated endothelium, basal lamina of the bowman’s capsule and podocytes

27
Q

What is the basal lamina of the bowman capsule made up of and how can it act as a filter

A

Mainly composed of CT, but also contains mesangial cells that are both phagocytic and contractile
Able to actively reduce glomerular filtration by reducing the area available for filtration by contracting

28
Q

What determines glomerular filtration rate

A

Net filtration pressure

29
Q

Why is there an outwards hydrostatic pressure affecting glomerular filtration

A

Because the afferent blood vessels are wider than the efferent vessels

30
Q

What factors oppose glomerular filtration

A

Protein in the blood

Fluid pressure in the bowman’s capsule

31
Q

Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

The volume of fluid filtered from glomeruli into the Bowman’s space per unit time

32
Q

Despite a low net filtration pressure how does a large volume of filtrate form

A

As the glomerular capillaries are extremely permeable and have extensive surface area

33
Q

What regulates GFR

A

The SNS as it controls the constriction/dilation of the afferent arteries

34
Q

How does GFR and glomerular capillary pressure change over the systemic arterial pressure range (90-200mmHg)

A

It doesn’t lol

35
Q

What is the myogenic response of auto regulation

A

The myogenic response of the afferent arteriole constricts when systemic arterial pressure rises
this doesn’t affect GFR and works vice versa

36
Q

What is the tubular glomerular feedback mechanism of auto regulation

A

Increased flow in the DCT causes cells in the macula densa to release substances to constrict afferent arterioles and dilates efferent arterioles to reduce the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure.

37
Q

How does plasma oncotic pressure affect filtration and what determines it

A

Plasma oncotic pressure tends to keep fluid in the capillaries and inhibit filtration
Largely determined by plasma proteins

38
Q

In renal plasma clearance how is quantity excreted per minute calculated

A

(mg/min)= V (ml/min) x U (mg/ml)

V = rate of urine formation
U = inulin conc in urine
39
Q

In renal plasma clearance how is quantity filtered per minute calculated

A

(mg/min)= GFR (ml/min) x P (mg/ml)

P = Inulin conc. in plasma

40
Q

Why is Inulin special in terms fo renal plasma clearance

A

It is neither secreted nor absorbed and so the amount excreted/min = amount filtered/min

41
Q

What can the rate of clearance of inulin tell us about the clearance of other substances

A

Inulin can tell us the GFR and so if the equation for other substances doesn’t equal the GFR then we know it is being reabsorbed

42
Q

Show how inulin can be used to determine GFR

A 
When inulin is injected into the blood and is filtered by the glomeruli:
GFR x P = V x U
and so
GFR = (V x U)/P
Remember :
V = rate of urine formation
U = Inulin conc in urine
P = inulin conc in plasma

Systems Physiology (28 decks)

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