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Systems Physiology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Name some of the roles of an effective immune system

A 
Contain an infection
Destroy invading organisms
Destroy abnormal cells
Monitor normal cells
Maintain health and life
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2
Q

What are the 3 steps of an immune response

A

Recognition
Specificity
Response

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3
Q

What is an antigen

A

Any foreign substance that evokes an immune response either alone or after forming a complex with a larger molecule

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4
Q

What type of biological molecules usually make up antigens

A

Peptides
Polysaccharides
Lipids

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5
Q

What are immunogens and give an example

A

A subset of antigens that can directly initiate an immune response e.g. lipopolysaccharide

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6
Q

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity

A 
Innate = instant response
Adaptive = Slower but longer lasting, very strong and fast on second exposure
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7
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Heat
Pain
Redness
Swelling Loss of Function

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8
Q

Most infections are iatrogenic what does this mean

A

Involves bypass of defences, cuts, insect bites, injections

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9
Q

Name a few defence mechanisms used by some structures of the body

A 
Lysozymes
Cilia
HCl
Mucus
cerumen (ear wax)
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10
Q

What are the main constituents of mucus

A

Mucins, Lysozymes, Antibodies, Lactoferrin, Salts

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11
Q

What do mucous membranes do and where can they be found

A

Mucous membranes secrete mucus and are found in the lining of respiratory, gastro-intestinal and genital tracts

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12
Q

Name some types of WBC (leukocytes)

A 
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
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13
Q

What are granulocytes and give examples

A

Possessing cytoplasmic granules

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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14
Q

What are agranulocytes and give examples

A

Without cytoplasmic granules
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

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15
Q

Which leukocytes come from myeloid lineage

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils and monocytes

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16
Q

Which leukocytes come from lymphoid lineage

A

Lymphocytes

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17
Q

What is the difference between myeloid and lymphoid lineage

A

Different at the progenitor cell

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18
Q

Which leukocytes have polymorphonuclear cells and give examples

A

They have a multi-lobed nucleus

Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils

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19
Q

What shape is the nucleus of monocytes

A

Kidney bean shaped

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20
Q

What shape is the nucleus of the lymphocyte

A

Circular

Theres very little cytoplasm btw

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21
Q

What do mast cells do in an inflammatory reaction

A

Secrete factors to mediate vasodilation and vascular constriction

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22
Q

What do neutrophils do in an inflammatory reaction

A
  • Secrete factors that kill and degrade pathogens

- Remove pathogens by phagocytosis

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23
Q

What do macrophages do in an inflammatory reaction

A
  • Removes pathogens by phagocytosis
  • Secretes hormones called cytokines that attract immune system cells to the site and activate cells involved in tissue repair
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24
Q

Leukocytes act on the wound site in which order

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes/macrophages
Lymphocytes/Plasma cells

25
Q

What are the 2 types of defence pattern recognition receptors

A

Toll-like receptors

C-type lectin receptors

26
Q

What are examples of PAMPs

A

Bacterial cell wall components, free DNA, dsRNA from viruses

27
Q

What are examples of DAMPs

A

Nuclear proteins, ATP, mitochondrial peptides

28
Q

Where are macrophages found and when do they appear there

A

in virtually every tissue type and they move in during early development

29
Q

What cells in the brain/eye and liver contain macrophages

A

Brain/eye - microglia

Liver - kupffer cells

30
Q

Name some types of pro-inflammatory cytokine

A

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)
Histamine
Interluekin-1beta (IL-1Beta)
IL-6

31
Q

Name some types of anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-4
IL-10
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)

32
Q

What are chemokine

A

Sub group of cytokines that induce cell migration

33
Q

What is the most important cytokine

A

Tumour necrosis factor alpha

TNFalpha

34
Q

What is a PRR in immunology

A

Pattern recognition receptors

35
Q

What are the most common type of WBC

A

Neutrophils

36
Q

Where are neutrophils produced

A

The bone marrow of the femur

37
Q

What is neutrophil extravasation/diapedesis

A

Neutrophils moving from bloodstream to the wound site

38
Q

What do neutrophils respond to

A
  • Presence of PAMPs/DAMPs on the endothelial cells

- Adhesion molecules on the endothelial cells that interact with surface molecules on the neutrophils

39
Q

What are the 3 stages of neutrophils extravasation/diapedesis

A

Margination/Rolling
Firm adhesion
Transmigration

40
Q

What are the functions of the neutrophils

A
  • Bacterial Phagocytosis
  • Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production
  • Anti-microbial peptides
  • Reactive oxygen species production
41
Q

Name some anti-microbial peptides that neutrophils can produce

A

Cathepsin G
Azurocidin
Elastase
Cathelicidin

42
Q

Name some reactive oxygen species production that neutrophils can produce

A

Superoxide
Nitric oxide
Hypochlorous acid (bleach)

43
Q

What is a positive and negative about neutrophil action

A

Exerts powerful anti-bacterial actions

Can be indiscriminate and non-selective

44
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells following extravasation

45
Q

What do dendritic cells do

A

Activate lymphocytes

46
Q

What are monocytes and macrophages recruited by

A

cytokines and neutrophil derived components e.g. annexing A1

47
Q

What are the functions of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis
Efferocytosis
Antigen presentation to lymphocytes

48
Q

What are 3 subtypes of lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells
Natural Killer cells

49
Q

What type of immunity are T cells involved in and how do they act

A
  • Cell mediated immunity
  • Recognise antigen presented on macrophage and other cells and proliferate and initiate a targeted inflammatory reaction
50
Q

What type of immunity are B cells involved in and how do they act

A

Humoral Immunity

Produces antibodies that neutralise foreign pathogens

51
Q

What do natural killer cells do

A

Recognise and kill infected and mutated cells (cancers)

52
Q

What is the complement system

A

System of anti-microbial serum proteins that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear microbial infection

53
Q

What are the 3 pathways that activate the complement system

A

Classical
Alternative
Lectin

54
Q

What are the basic functions of the complement system

A

Opsonization - enhancing phagocytosis
Chemotaxis - attracting neutrophils and macrophages
Cell Lysis - rupturing foreign cell membranes
Agglutination - binding of pathogens together

55
Q

Is inflammation termination passive or active

A

active

56
Q

What is efferocytosis

A

When apoptotic neutrophils are phagocytosed by macrophages

57
Q

What is a bi-product of efferocytosis

A

Anti-inflammatory cytokines like TGFbeta and IL–10

58
Q

What mediators promote inflammatory resolution

A

Lipid and proteins called resolvins

Annexin A1 for example

59
Q

What are the actions of Annexin A1

A
  • Promotes leukocyte detachment form the endothelium
  • Promotes neutrophil apoptosis
  • Major monocyte attractant
  • Promote efferocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages
  • Stimulates anti-inflammatory cytokine production

Systems Physiology (28 decks)

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