Inflammation

Question 1

Name some of the roles of an effective immune system

Answer 1

Contain an infection
Destroy invading organisms
Destroy abnormal cells
Monitor normal cells
Maintain health and life

Question 2

What are the 3 steps of an immune response

Answer 2

Recognition
Specificity
Response

Question 3

What is an antigen

Answer 3

Any foreign substance that evokes an immune response either alone or after forming a complex with a larger molecule

Question 4

What type of biological molecules usually make up antigens

Answer 4

Peptides
Polysaccharides
Lipids

Question 5

What are immunogens and give an example

Answer 5

A subset of antigens that can directly initiate an immune response e.g. lipopolysaccharide

Question 6

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 6

Innate = instant response
Adaptive = Slower but longer lasting, very strong and fast on second exposure

Question 7

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 7

Heat
Pain
Redness
Swelling Loss of Function

Question 8

Most infections are iatrogenic what does this mean

Answer 8

Involves bypass of defences, cuts, insect bites, injections

Question 9

Name a few defence mechanisms used by some structures of the body

Answer 9

Lysozymes
Cilia
HCl
Mucus
cerumen (ear wax)

Question 10

What are the main constituents of mucus

Answer 10

Mucins, Lysozymes, Antibodies, Lactoferrin, Salts

Question 11

What do mucous membranes do and where can they be found

Answer 11

Mucous membranes secrete mucus and are found in the lining of respiratory, gastro-intestinal and genital tracts

Question 12

Name some types of WBC (leukocytes)

Answer 12

Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil

Question 13

What are granulocytes and give examples

Answer 13

Possessing cytoplasmic granules

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Question 14

What are agranulocytes and give examples

Answer 14

Without cytoplasmic granules
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

Question 15

Which leukocytes come from myeloid lineage

Answer 15

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils and monocytes

Question 16

Which leukocytes come from lymphoid lineage

Answer 16

Lymphocytes

Question 17

What is the difference between myeloid and lymphoid lineage

Answer 17

Different at the progenitor cell

Question 18

Which leukocytes have polymorphonuclear cells and give examples

Answer 18

They have a multi-lobed nucleus

Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils

Question 19

What shape is the nucleus of monocytes

Answer 19

Kidney bean shaped

Question 20

What shape is the nucleus of the lymphocyte

Answer 20

Circular

Theres very little cytoplasm btw

Question 21

What do mast cells do in an inflammatory reaction

Answer 21

Secrete factors to mediate vasodilation and vascular constriction

Question 22

What do neutrophils do in an inflammatory reaction

Answer 22

• Secrete factors that kill and degrade pathogens

- Remove pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 23

What do macrophages do in an inflammatory reaction

Answer 23

• Removes pathogens by phagocytosis
• Secretes hormones called cytokines that attract immune system cells to the site and activate cells involved in tissue repair

Question 24

Leukocytes act on the wound site in which order

Answer 24

Neutrophils
Monocytes/macrophages
Lymphocytes/Plasma cells

Question 25

What are the 2 types of defence pattern recognition receptors

Answer 25

Toll-like receptors | C-type lectin receptors

Question 26

What are examples of PAMPs

Answer 26

Bacterial cell wall components, free DNA, dsRNA from viruses

Question 27

What are examples of DAMPs

Answer 27

Nuclear proteins, ATP, mitochondrial peptides

Question 28

Where are macrophages found and when do they appear there

Answer 28

in virtually every tissue type and they move in during early development

Question 29

What cells in the brain/eye and liver contain macrophages

Answer 29

Brain/eye - microglia | Liver - kupffer cells

Question 30

Name some types of pro-inflammatory cytokine

Answer 30

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) Histamine Interluekin-1beta (IL-1Beta) IL-6

Question 31

Name some types of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 31

IL-4 IL-10 Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)

Question 32

What are chemokine

Answer 32

Sub group of cytokines that induce cell migration

Question 33

What is the most important cytokine

Answer 33

Tumour necrosis factor alpha | TNFalpha

Question 34

What is a PRR in immunology

Answer 34

Pattern recognition receptors

Question 35

What are the most common type of WBC

Answer 35

Neutrophils

Question 36

Where are neutrophils produced

Answer 36

The bone marrow of the femur

Question 37

What is neutrophil extravasation/diapedesis

Answer 37

Neutrophils moving from bloodstream to the wound site

Question 38

What do neutrophils respond to

Answer 38

- Presence of PAMPs/DAMPs on the endothelial cells | - Adhesion molecules on the endothelial cells that interact with surface molecules on the neutrophils

Question 39

What are the 3 stages of neutrophils extravasation/diapedesis

Answer 39

Margination/Rolling Firm adhesion Transmigration

Question 40

What are the functions of the neutrophils

Answer 40

- Bacterial Phagocytosis - Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production - Anti-microbial peptides - Reactive oxygen species production

Question 41

Name some anti-microbial peptides that neutrophils can produce

Answer 41

Cathepsin G Azurocidin Elastase Cathelicidin

Question 42

Name some reactive oxygen species production that neutrophils can produce

Answer 42

Superoxide Nitric oxide Hypochlorous acid (bleach)

Question 43

What is a positive and negative about neutrophil action

Answer 43

Exerts powerful anti-bacterial actions | Can be indiscriminate and non-selective

Question 44

What do monocytes differentiate into

Answer 44

Macrophages and dendritic cells following extravasation

Question 45

What do dendritic cells do

Answer 45

Activate lymphocytes

Question 46

What are monocytes and macrophages recruited by

Answer 46

cytokines and neutrophil derived components e.g. annexing A1

Question 47

What are the functions of macrophages

Answer 47

Phagocytosis Efferocytosis Antigen presentation to lymphocytes

Question 48

What are 3 subtypes of lymphocytes

Answer 48

T cells B cells Natural Killer cells

Question 49

What type of immunity are T cells involved in and how do they act

Answer 49

- Cell mediated immunity - Recognise antigen presented on macrophage and other cells and proliferate and initiate a targeted inflammatory reaction

Question 50

What type of immunity are B cells involved in and how do they act

Answer 50

Humoral Immunity | Produces antibodies that neutralise foreign pathogens

Question 51

What do natural killer cells do

Answer 51

Recognise and kill infected and mutated cells (cancers)

Question 52

What is the complement system

Answer 52

System of anti-microbial serum proteins that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear microbial infection

Question 53

What are the 3 pathways that activate the complement system

Answer 53

Classical Alternative Lectin

Question 54

What are the basic functions of the complement system

Answer 54

Opsonization - enhancing phagocytosis Chemotaxis - attracting neutrophils and macrophages Cell Lysis - rupturing foreign cell membranes Agglutination - binding of pathogens together

Question 55

Is inflammation termination passive or active

Answer 55

active

Question 56

What is efferocytosis

Answer 56

When apoptotic neutrophils are phagocytosed by macrophages

Question 57

What is a bi-product of efferocytosis

Answer 57

Anti-inflammatory cytokines like TGFbeta and IL--10

Question 58

What mediators promote inflammatory resolution

Answer 58

Lipid and proteins called resolvins | Annexin A1 for example

Question 59

What are the actions of Annexin A1

Answer 59

- Promotes leukocyte detachment form the endothelium - Promotes neutrophil apoptosis - Major monocyte attractant - Promote efferocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages - Stimulates anti-inflammatory cytokine production