Inflammation Flashcards
Name some of the roles of an effective immune system
Contain an infection Destroy invading organisms Destroy abnormal cells Monitor normal cells Maintain health and life
What are the 3 steps of an immune response
Recognition
Specificity
Response
What is an antigen
Any foreign substance that evokes an immune response either alone or after forming a complex with a larger molecule
What type of biological molecules usually make up antigens
Peptides
Polysaccharides
Lipids
What are immunogens and give an example
A subset of antigens that can directly initiate an immune response e.g. lipopolysaccharide
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity
Innate = instant response Adaptive = Slower but longer lasting, very strong and fast on second exposure
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation
Heat
Pain
Redness
Swelling Loss of Function
Most infections are iatrogenic what does this mean
Involves bypass of defences, cuts, insect bites, injections
Name a few defence mechanisms used by some structures of the body
Lysozymes Cilia HCl Mucus cerumen (ear wax)
What are the main constituents of mucus
Mucins, Lysozymes, Antibodies, Lactoferrin, Salts
What do mucous membranes do and where can they be found
Mucous membranes secrete mucus and are found in the lining of respiratory, gastro-intestinal and genital tracts
Name some types of WBC (leukocytes)
Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocyte Neutrophil
What are granulocytes and give examples
Possessing cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
What are agranulocytes and give examples
Without cytoplasmic granules
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Which leukocytes come from myeloid lineage
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils and monocytes
Which leukocytes come from lymphoid lineage
Lymphocytes
What is the difference between myeloid and lymphoid lineage
Different at the progenitor cell
Which leukocytes have polymorphonuclear cells and give examples
They have a multi-lobed nucleus
Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils
What shape is the nucleus of monocytes
Kidney bean shaped
What shape is the nucleus of the lymphocyte
Circular
Theres very little cytoplasm btw
What do mast cells do in an inflammatory reaction
Secrete factors to mediate vasodilation and vascular constriction
What do neutrophils do in an inflammatory reaction
- Secrete factors that kill and degrade pathogens
- Remove pathogens by phagocytosis
What do macrophages do in an inflammatory reaction
- Removes pathogens by phagocytosis
- Secretes hormones called cytokines that attract immune system cells to the site and activate cells involved in tissue repair
Leukocytes act on the wound site in which order
Neutrophils
Monocytes/macrophages
Lymphocytes/Plasma cells
What are the 2 types of defence pattern recognition receptors
Toll-like receptors
C-type lectin receptors
What are examples of PAMPs
Bacterial cell wall components, free DNA, dsRNA from viruses
What are examples of DAMPs
Nuclear proteins, ATP, mitochondrial peptides
Where are macrophages found and when do they appear there
in virtually every tissue type and they move in during early development
What cells in the brain/eye and liver contain macrophages
Brain/eye - microglia
Liver - kupffer cells
Name some types of pro-inflammatory cytokine
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)
Histamine
Interluekin-1beta (IL-1Beta)
IL-6
Name some types of anti-inflammatory cytokines
IL-4
IL-10
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)
What are chemokine
Sub group of cytokines that induce cell migration
What is the most important cytokine
Tumour necrosis factor alpha
TNFalpha
What is a PRR in immunology
Pattern recognition receptors
What are the most common type of WBC
Neutrophils
Where are neutrophils produced
The bone marrow of the femur
What is neutrophil extravasation/diapedesis
Neutrophils moving from bloodstream to the wound site
What do neutrophils respond to
- Presence of PAMPs/DAMPs on the endothelial cells
- Adhesion molecules on the endothelial cells that interact with surface molecules on the neutrophils
What are the 3 stages of neutrophils extravasation/diapedesis
Margination/Rolling
Firm adhesion
Transmigration
What are the functions of the neutrophils
- Bacterial Phagocytosis
- Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production
- Anti-microbial peptides
- Reactive oxygen species production
Name some anti-microbial peptides that neutrophils can produce
Cathepsin G
Azurocidin
Elastase
Cathelicidin
Name some reactive oxygen species production that neutrophils can produce
Superoxide
Nitric oxide
Hypochlorous acid (bleach)
What is a positive and negative about neutrophil action
Exerts powerful anti-bacterial actions
Can be indiscriminate and non-selective
What do monocytes differentiate into
Macrophages and dendritic cells following extravasation
What do dendritic cells do
Activate lymphocytes
What are monocytes and macrophages recruited by
cytokines and neutrophil derived components e.g. annexing A1
What are the functions of macrophages
Phagocytosis
Efferocytosis
Antigen presentation to lymphocytes
What are 3 subtypes of lymphocytes
T cells
B cells
Natural Killer cells
What type of immunity are T cells involved in and how do they act
- Cell mediated immunity
- Recognise antigen presented on macrophage and other cells and proliferate and initiate a targeted inflammatory reaction
What type of immunity are B cells involved in and how do they act
Humoral Immunity
Produces antibodies that neutralise foreign pathogens
What do natural killer cells do
Recognise and kill infected and mutated cells (cancers)
What is the complement system
System of anti-microbial serum proteins that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear microbial infection
What are the 3 pathways that activate the complement system
Classical
Alternative
Lectin
What are the basic functions of the complement system
Opsonization - enhancing phagocytosis
Chemotaxis - attracting neutrophils and macrophages
Cell Lysis - rupturing foreign cell membranes
Agglutination - binding of pathogens together
Is inflammation termination passive or active
active
What is efferocytosis
When apoptotic neutrophils are phagocytosed by macrophages
What is a bi-product of efferocytosis
Anti-inflammatory cytokines like TGFbeta and IL–10
What mediators promote inflammatory resolution
Lipid and proteins called resolvins
Annexin A1 for example
What are the actions of Annexin A1
- Promotes leukocyte detachment form the endothelium
- Promotes neutrophil apoptosis
- Major monocyte attractant
- Promote efferocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages
- Stimulates anti-inflammatory cytokine production
