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PHARM 343 > Kidney Disease Intro and Lab > Flashcards

Kidney Disease Intro and Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Urinalysis
- Microorganisms

A

Microscopic Analysis
- Urine should be free from any microorganisms, RBC, WBC, or any cells

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2
Q

3 Processes in Nephron

A

Glomerular Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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3
Q

Oliguria

A

Low urine output
- 100-400 mL in last 24 hours

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4
Q

Urinalysis
- Urine Dipstick

A

Chemical Analysis
- Measure how concentrated the urine is
–> Low Value = Dilute urine
–> High Value = Concentrated urine

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5
Q

Urinalysis
- Foamy Appearance

A

Macroscopic Analysis
- Presence of proteins or bile acid

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6
Q

Creatinine Clearance vs Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

Creatinine Clearance
- Determine drug dosing
- Only a surrogate marker of renal function

Estimated GFR
- Diagnosis stage of CKD

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7
Q

Where do the kidneys receive blood from

A

Renal Arteries

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8
Q

Pyuria

A

Presence of white blood cells in urine
- Indicator of inflammation

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9
Q

Calculating Creatinine Clearance

A

(140 - Age x Weight) / (SCr)

Multiply by 1.2 if male

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10
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen
- What

A

The nitrogen (as urea) in the serum
- Represents urea production
- Not used for assessing renal function
- Used for monitoring hydration, protein tolerance, renal function

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11
Q

Azotemia

A

Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood

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12
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen
- High Lab Values meaning

A
  • High protein diet
  • Upper GI bleeding
  • Dehydration
  • AKI or CKD
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13
Q

Main Functions of Kidney

A

Regulation
- BP, Osmolarity, Acid/Base, Fluid volume, electrolyte

Excretion
- Metabolic end products, urea, drugs

Synthesis
- Renin, Erythropoietin, Vitamin D3

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14
Q

AKI and CKD
- Risks

A

Patients with AKI are at risk of developing CKD

Patients who have CKD are at risk of AKI

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15
Q

Urine Protein/Albumin
- What
- Use
- How to measure

A

Glomerulus is normally impermeable to large proteins like albumin

24 hour urine collection
4 hour time collection to estimate 24 hour
Urine dipstick

Useful biomarkers to assess progression of CKD

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16
Q

Anuria

A

Lack of urine output
- Less than 100 mL in last 24 hours

17
Q

Urinalysis
- Colour

A

Macroscopic Analysis
- Darker colour the more concentrated the urine is

18
Q

AKI vs CKD

A

AKI (Acute decrease in kidney function)
- Over hours, days, or weeks
- Expressed through GFR
- Expressed through accumulation of waste products and volume

CKD (Progressive loss of kidney function)
- Over months, years

19
Q

Proteinuria

A

Protein in urine (Albuminuria)
- Lack of glomerular filtration

20
Q

Urinalysis
- Turbidity

A

Macroscopic Analysis
- More cloudy if RBC or WBC present in urine
- Urates and Phosphatases precipitate in urine

21
Q

How to measure GFR

A

Can not measure directly, have to use an ideal marker
- Stable in plasma
- Physiologically inert
- Freely filtered at glomerulus
- Not secreted, reabsorbed, synthesized, metabolized at the kidneys
- Amount secreted at glomerulus is equal to amount excreted in urine

22
Q

Hematuria

A

Presence of blood in urine

23
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen
- Low Lab Values meaning

A

No pathophysiological consequences
- May be fluid overload, malnutrition, liver damage

24
Q

Function of Nephron

A

Functional unit of the nephron
- Filters blood and produces urine

25
Q

Serum Creatinine
- What
- Eliminated
- Kidney Function

A

Determine by muscle mass
- Metabolic byproduct of muscle

Eliminated mostly by glomerular filtration

Inverse relation to kidney function
- Low serum creatinine means good kidney function

26
Q

Serum Creatinine Reference Rangee

A

50-110 umol/L

27
Q

What Decreases Creatinine

A
  • Paralysis, Low activity levels
  • Elderly
  • Decreased Muscle Mass
  • Cirrhosis
28
Q

What Increases Creatinine

A
  • Renal Causes
  • Large Protein Intake
  • Vigorous Exercise
  • Increased Muscle Mass

PHARM 343 (23 decks)

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