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AS PE > Key words - Glossary > Flashcards

Key words - Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenaline

A

A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes an increase in heart rate.

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2
Q

Affective component of attitude

A

Relates to feelings and interpretation such as enjoyment.

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3
Q

Aggressive cue hypothesis

A

Aggression is caused by a learned trigger.

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4
Q

Agonist

A

The muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occuring.

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5
Q

Amateur

A

A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain.

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6
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted.

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7
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscle that works in opposition to the agonist to help produce a coordinated movement.

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8
Q

Area of support base

A

The larger the area the greater the stability.

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9
Q

Arousal

A

A level of activation, a degree of readiness to perform.

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10
Q

Arteriovenous difference

A

The difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles.

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11
Q

Articulating bones

A

Bones that meet and move at the joint.

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12
Q

Associative stage of learning

A

The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed.

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13
Q

Atheroma

A

A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery.

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14
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

This occurs when arteries harden and become clogged up by fatty deposits.

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15
Q

ATP-PC system

A

An energy system that provides quick bursts of energy and is used for high intensity exercise. It can only last for up to 10 seconds.

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16
Q

Autonomous stage of learning

A

The final stage of learning used by an expert.

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17
Q

Balanced diet

A

A diet containing a variety of foods from each of the food groups so that there is an adequate intake of nutrients.

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18
Q

Ballistic stretching

A

Involves performing a stretch with swinging or bouncing movements to push a body part even further.

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19
Q

Behavioural component of attitude

A

The actions of the performer.

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20
Q

Behaviourist theory

A

Explains how actions are linked to stimuli.

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21
Q

Bilateral transfer

A

When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb.

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22
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall.

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23
Q

Bohr shift

A

When an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a return of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.

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24
Q

Bradycardia

A

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats a minute.

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25
Q

Buffering

A

The ability of the blood to compensate for the buildup of lactic acid or hydrogen ions to maintain the pH level.

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26
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger. It can also mean a larger ventricular cavity.

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27
Q

Carron’s antecedents

A

The factors that might influence cohesion.

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28
Q

Catharsis

A

Cleansing the emotions by using sport as an outlet for aggression.

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29
Q

Chaining

A

Linking the sub-routines or parts of a task when practising.

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30
Q

Channelling

A

The pushing of ethnic minorities into or away from certain sports or positions within a team.

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31
Q

Cilia

A

Microscopic, hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles.

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32
Q

Co-action

A

When others do the task at the same time but separately.

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33
Q

Cognitive anxiety

A

Psychological anxiety.

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34
Q

Cognitive component of attitude

A

A belief, such as the belief in the ability to win.

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35
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

New information given to the performer to cause unease and motivate change.

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36
Q

Cognitive stage of learning

A

The first stage of learning used by a novice.

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37
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency for individuals to work together to achieve their goals and the forces that keep the group members on task.

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38
Q

Commercialisation of sport

A

The process of trying to gain money from sporting activities.

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39
Q

Competition period

A

The performance period where skills and techniques are refined.

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40
Q

Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory (CSAI)

A

A questionnaire used by sports psychologists to measure anxiety.

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41
Q

Concentric contraction

A

When a muscle shortens under tension.

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42
Q

Constructivism

A

Building up learning in the stages based on the current level of performance.

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43
Q

COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema.

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44
Q

County sport partnerships (CSPs)

A

National networks of local agencies working together to increase numbers in sport and physical activity.

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45
Q

Creatine

A

A compound the body makes that supplies energy for muscular contraction. It can also be used as a supplement to increase athletic performance.

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46
Q

Credulous approach

A

When the link between personality and behaviour is accepted.

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47
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration or partial pressure to an area of low concentration or partial pressure.

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48
Q

Disability

A

Physical, sensory or mental impairment which adversely affects performance.

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49
Q

Discrete skill

A

A skill that has a clear beginning and end.

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50
Q

Discrimination

A

The unfair treatment of a person or a minority group.

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51
Q

Distributed practice

A

Involves rest intervals between practice sessions.

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52
Q

Dominant response

A

The stand-out response that the performer thinks is correct.

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53
Q

Dorsi-flexion

A

Pulling the toes up to the shin.

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54
Q

Drive reduction

A

An end of task period when performance may get worse.

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55
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

When a muscle lengthens under tension or performs negative work and acts like a brake.

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56
Q

Effort

A

The force applied by the user of the lever system.

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57
Q

Equal opportunities

A

The right to access the same opportunities regardless of factors such as race, age, gender and ability.

58
Q

Ethnic groups

A

People who have racial, religious or linguistic traits in common.

59
Q

Evaluation apprehension

A

The perceived fear of being judged.

60
Q

Externally paced skill

A

When a performer has no control over the start and the speed of the skill.

61
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint.

62
Q

Extrovert

A

A person with a loud, bright personality.

63
Q

Feedback

A

Information to assist error correction.

64
Q

First class lever

A

The fulcrum lies between the effort and the resistance.

65
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint.

66
Q

Foot racing

A

Historically a form of competitive running/walking involving feats of endurance.

67
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides the body into front and back halves.

68
Q

Fulcrum

A

The pint about which a lever rotates.

69
Q

Gender socialisation

A

The act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation.

70
Q

Glycaemic index

A

This ranks carbohydrates according to their effect on our blood glucose levels.

71
Q

Glycogen

A

The stored form of glucose found in the muscles and the liver.

72
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

These are activated when there is a tension in a muscle.

73
Q

Golden triangle

A

The relationship between sport, the media and business.

74
Q

Haemoglobin

A

An iron containing pigment found in red blood cells which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.

75
Q

Harvard step test

A

This involves stepping up and down on a bench to a set rhythm for five minutes. Recovery heart rates are then recorded.

76
Q

Hyper-extension

A

Increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint.

77
Q

Infographics

A

A graphic visual representation of information, data or knowledge intended to represent information quickly and clearly.

78
Q

Insight learning

A

Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill.

79
Q

Instinct theory

A

When aggression is spontaneous and innate.

80
Q

Interaction

A

When a group works together to produce results.

81
Q

Inter-psychological learning

A

Learning from others externally.

82
Q

Internalisation

A

The learning of values and attitudes that are incorporated within yourself.

83
Q

Intra-psychological learning

A

Learning from within after gaining external knowledge from others.

84
Q

Isometric contraction

A

When a muscle is under tension but there is no visible movement.

85
Q

Lewin’s formula

A

Behaviour is a function of personality and environment.

86
Q

Longitudinal axis

A

Runs from the top to the bottom of the body.

87
Q

Macrocycle

A

A period of training involving a long term performance goal.

88
Q

Mental practice

A

Going over the skill in the mind without movement.

89
Q

Mesocycle

A

Usually a 4 to 12 week period of training with a particular focus such as power.

90
Q

Metabolic cart

A

A device which works by attaching headgear to a subject while they breathe a specific amount of oxygen over a period of time.

91
Q

Microcycle

A

The description of a week or a few days of training sessions.

92
Q

Motor neurons

A

Nerve cells which transmit the brain’s instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles.

93
Q

Muscle spindles

A

These detect how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produce the stretch reflex.

94
Q

Negative transfer

A

When the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another.

95
Q

Operant conditioning

A

The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated.

96
Q

Outcome goal

A

A goal set against the performance of others and based on result.

97
Q

Parasympathetic system.

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate.

98
Q

Peak flow experience

A

The ultimate intrinsic experience felt by athletes from a positive mental attitude, with supreme confidence, focus and efficiency.

99
Q

Peaking

A

Planning and organising training so a performer is at their peak both physically and mentally, for a major competition.

100
Q

Performance analysis (PA)

A

The provision of objective feedback to a performer who is trying to get a positive change in performance.

101
Q

Periodisation

A

The division of the training year into specific sections for a specific purpose.

102
Q

Plantar-flexion

A

Pointing the toes/pushing up on your toes.

103
Q

Plateau

A

A period of no improvement in performance.

104
Q

Positive transfer

A

When the learning of one skill helps the learning of another.

105
Q

Professional

A

A person who plays sport for financial gain.

106
Q

Progressive part practise

A

Practising the first part of a skill then adding parts gradually.

107
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles.

108
Q

Rating perceived exertion (RPE)

A

Giving an opinion as to how hard your body is working during exercise.

109
Q

Rational recreation

A

The postindustrial development of sport.

110
Q

Resistance

A

The weight to be moved by the lever system.

111
Q

Retention

A

The ability to remember important information and recall it from memory system.

112
Q

Ringelmann effect

A

When group performance decreases with group size.

113
Q

Sagittal axis

A

Runs from the front to the back of the body.

114
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into right and left halves.

115
Q

Sceptical approach

A

When the link between personality and behaviour is doubted.

116
Q

Second class lever

A

The resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort.

117
Q

Social action theory

A

A way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action.

118
Q

Social development

A

Learning by association with others.

119
Q

Social learning theory

A

Learning by associating with others and copying behaviour.

120
Q

Social loafing

A

Individual loss of motivation in a team player due to lack of performance identification when individual efforts are not recognised.

121
Q

Somatic anxiety

A

Physiological anxiety.

122
Q

Sponsorship

A

Companies paying for goods to be publicly displayed or advertised at sporting events.

123
Q

Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT)

A

A questionnaire used by sports psychologists to measure anxiety.

124
Q

Stacking

A

The disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in a sports team.

125
Q

Static stretching

A

When the muscle is held is a stationary position for 30 seconds or more.

126
Q

Steady state

A

Where the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply.

127
Q

Stroke

A

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off.

128
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction.

129
Q

Sympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate.

130
Q

Tapering

A

Reducing the volume and/or intensity of training prior to competition.

131
Q

Tetanic contraction

A

A sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli.

132
Q

Third class lever

A

The effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance.

133
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath.

134
Q

Transvers axis

A

Runs from side to side across the body.

135
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides the body into upper and lower halves.

136
Q

Triadic model

A

The three parts of an attitude: cognitive, affective and behavioural.

137
Q

Vascular shunt mechanism

A

The redistribution of cardiac output.

138
Q

Venous return

A

The return of blood back to the right side of the heart via the vena cava.

139
Q

Video motion analysis

A

A technique used to get information about moving objects from a video.

140
Q

Whole practise

A

Performing a skill in its entirety without breaking it into subroutines.

141
Q

Whole part whole practise

A

Assessing a skill, identifying a weakness to practise, then putting the skill back together.

142
Q

Zero transfer

A

When the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another.

AS PE (16 decks)

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