Key words - Glossary Flashcards
Adrenaline
A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes an increase in heart rate.
Affective component of attitude
Relates to feelings and interpretation such as enjoyment.
Aggressive cue hypothesis
Aggression is caused by a learned trigger.
Agonist
The muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occuring.
Amateur
A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain.
Angina
Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted.
Antagonist
The muscle that works in opposition to the agonist to help produce a coordinated movement.
Area of support base
The larger the area the greater the stability.
Arousal
A level of activation, a degree of readiness to perform.
Arteriovenous difference
The difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles.
Articulating bones
Bones that meet and move at the joint.
Associative stage of learning
The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed.
Atheroma
A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery.
Atherosclerosis
This occurs when arteries harden and become clogged up by fatty deposits.
ATP-PC system
An energy system that provides quick bursts of energy and is used for high intensity exercise. It can only last for up to 10 seconds.
Autonomous stage of learning
The final stage of learning used by an expert.
Balanced diet
A diet containing a variety of foods from each of the food groups so that there is an adequate intake of nutrients.
Ballistic stretching
Involves performing a stretch with swinging or bouncing movements to push a body part even further.
Behavioural component of attitude
The actions of the performer.
Behaviourist theory
Explains how actions are linked to stimuli.
Bilateral transfer
When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb.
Blood pressure
The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall.
Bohr shift
When an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a return of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.
Bradycardia
A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats a minute.
Buffering
The ability of the blood to compensate for the buildup of lactic acid or hydrogen ions to maintain the pH level.
Cardiac hypertrophy
The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger. It can also mean a larger ventricular cavity.
Carron’s antecedents
The factors that might influence cohesion.
Catharsis
Cleansing the emotions by using sport as an outlet for aggression.
Chaining
Linking the sub-routines or parts of a task when practising.
Channelling
The pushing of ethnic minorities into or away from certain sports or positions within a team.
Cilia
Microscopic, hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles.
Co-action
When others do the task at the same time but separately.
Cognitive anxiety
Psychological anxiety.
Cognitive component of attitude
A belief, such as the belief in the ability to win.
Cognitive dissonance
New information given to the performer to cause unease and motivate change.
Cognitive stage of learning
The first stage of learning used by a novice.
Cohesion
The tendency for individuals to work together to achieve their goals and the forces that keep the group members on task.
Commercialisation of sport
The process of trying to gain money from sporting activities.
Competition period
The performance period where skills and techniques are refined.
Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory (CSAI)
A questionnaire used by sports psychologists to measure anxiety.
Concentric contraction
When a muscle shortens under tension.
Constructivism
Building up learning in the stages based on the current level of performance.
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema.
County sport partnerships (CSPs)
National networks of local agencies working together to increase numbers in sport and physical activity.
Creatine
A compound the body makes that supplies energy for muscular contraction. It can also be used as a supplement to increase athletic performance.
Credulous approach
When the link between personality and behaviour is accepted.
Diffusion
The movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration or partial pressure to an area of low concentration or partial pressure.
Disability
Physical, sensory or mental impairment which adversely affects performance.
Discrete skill
A skill that has a clear beginning and end.
Discrimination
The unfair treatment of a person or a minority group.
Distributed practice
Involves rest intervals between practice sessions.
Dominant response
The stand-out response that the performer thinks is correct.
Dorsi-flexion
Pulling the toes up to the shin.
Drive reduction
An end of task period when performance may get worse.
Eccentric contraction
When a muscle lengthens under tension or performs negative work and acts like a brake.
Effort
The force applied by the user of the lever system.