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as pe > 1.4 - The musculoskeletal system & Movement analysis > Flashcards

1.4 - The musculoskeletal system & Movement analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Where is a joint formed?

A

Where two or more bones meet.

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2
Q

How are joints classified?

A

By how much movement they allow.

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

fibrous or fixed joints
cartilaginous or slightly moveable joints
synovial or moveable joints

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4
Q

What does articulating mean?

A

Refers to the bones that meet and move at the joint.

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5
Q

In which direction does a ball and socket joint allow movement?

A

Every direction.

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6
Q

How is a ball and socket joint formed?

A

By the round head of one bone fitting into the cup-shaped capsule of the connecting bone.

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7
Q

What are some examples of a ball and socket joint?

A

Hip and shoulder.

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8
Q

What are the articulating bones of the hip?

A

Femur and pelvis.

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9
Q

What are the articulating bones of the shoulder?

A

Humerus and scapula.

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10
Q

In which direction does a hinge joint allow movement?

A

Only in one direction due to the shape of the bones making up the joint.

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11
Q

What are some examples of hinge joints?

A

Ankle, knee and elbow.

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12
Q

What are the articulating bones of the ankle?

A

Talus, tibia and fibula.

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13
Q

What are the articulating bones of the knee?

A

Femur and tibia.

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14
Q

What are the articulating bones of the elbow?

A

Humerus, radius and ulna.

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15
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

The vertical plane which divides the body into right and left halves.

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16
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

The vertical plane that divides the body into front and back halves.

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17
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Divides the body into upper and lower halves.

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18
Q

What is the transverse axis?

A

Runs from side to side across the body.

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19
Q

What is the sagittal axis?

A

Runs from front to back.

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20
Q

What is the longitudinal axis?

A

Runs from top to bottom.

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21
Q

What movements occur in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis?

A

Flexion, extension, plantar-flexion, dorsi-flexion and hyper-extension.

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22
Q

What movements occur in a frontal plane about a sagittal axis?

A

Abduction and adduction.

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23
Q

What movements occur in a transverse plane about a longitudinal axis?

A

Horizontal abduction and adduction.

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24
Q

What is flexion?

A

Decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint.

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25
Q

What is extension?

A

Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint.

26
Q

What is plantar-flexion?

A

Pointing the toes/pushing up on to your toes.

27
Q

What is dorsi-flexion?

A

Pulling the toes up to the shin.

28
Q

What is hyper-extension?

A

Increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint.

29
Q

Where do plantar-flexion and dorsi-flexion occur?

A

At the ankle.

30
Q

What is shoulder flexion?

A

Raising the arm forwards (up).

31
Q

What is shoulder extension?

A

Lowering the arm backwards (down).

32
Q

What is abduction?

A

The movement away from the midline of the body.

33
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement towards the midline of the body.

34
Q

What is horizontal adduction?

A

Movement of the arm forward across the body at 90 degrees to the shoulder abduction.

35
Q

What is horizontal abduction?

A

Movement of the arm backwards across the body to shoulder abduction.

36
Q

Define agonist

A

The muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occuring.

37
Q

Define antagonist

A

The muscle that works in opposition to the agonist ( to help produce a co-ordinated movement).

38
Q

What is antagonistic muscle action?

A

When one muscle is acting as the agonist and the other is acting as the antagonist (working in a pair) to produce a movement.

39
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during elbow flexion?

A

Agonist: Biceps
Antagonist: Triceps

40
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during elbow extension?

A

Agonist: Triceps
Antagonist: Biceps

41
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during ankle plantar-flexion?

A

Agonist: gastrocnemius
Antagonist: tibialis anterior

42
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during ankle dorsi-flexion?

A

agonist: tibialis anterior
antagonist: gastrocnemius

43
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during knee flexion?

A

agonist: hamstrings
antagonist: quadriceps

44
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during knee extension?

A

agonist: quadriceps
antagonist: hamstrings

45
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during hip flexion?

A

agonist: Iliopsoas/hip flexors
antagonist: gluteals

46
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during hip extension/hyper-extension?

A

agonist: gluteals
antagonist: hip flexors

47
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during hip adduction?

A

agonist: adductors (adductor brevis/longus/magnus)
antagonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus

48
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during hip abduction?

A

agonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus
antagonist: adductors (adductor brevis/longus/magnus)

49
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during hip horizontal adduction?

A

agonist: adductors
antagonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus

50
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during hip horizontal abduction?

A

agonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus
antagonist: adductors

51
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during shoulder flexion?

A

agonist: anterior deltoid
antagonist: latissimus dorsi

52
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during shoulder extension/hyper-extension?

A

agonist: latissimus dorsi
antagonist: anterior deltiod

53
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during shoulder horizontal abduction?

A

agonist: latissimus dorsi
antagonist: pectorals

54
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during shoulder horizontal adduction?

A

agonist: pectorals
antagonist: latissimus dorsi

55
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during shoulder adduction?

A

agonist: posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi
antagonist: middle deltoid/supraspinatus

56
Q

What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during shoulder abduction?

A

agonist: middle deltoid/supraspinatus
antagonist: posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi

57
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

When a muscle contracts (and moves) to create movement.

58
Q

What are the 2 types of isotonic contraction?

A

Concentric and eccentric.

59
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

When a muscle shortens under tension to create the movement.

60
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

When a muscle lengthens under tension or performs negative work and acts like a brake.

61
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

When a muscle is under tension but there is no visible movement.

as pe (16 decks)

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