1.4 - The musculoskeletal system & Movement analysis Flashcards
Where is a joint formed?
Where two or more bones meet.
How are joints classified?
By how much movement they allow.
What are the 3 types of joints?
fibrous or fixed joints
cartilaginous or slightly moveable joints
synovial or moveable joints
What does articulating mean?
Refers to the bones that meet and move at the joint.
In which direction does a ball and socket joint allow movement?
Every direction.
How is a ball and socket joint formed?
By the round head of one bone fitting into the cup-shaped capsule of the connecting bone.
What are some examples of a ball and socket joint?
Hip and shoulder.
What are the articulating bones of the hip?
Femur and pelvis.
What are the articulating bones of the shoulder?
Humerus and scapula.
In which direction does a hinge joint allow movement?
Only in one direction due to the shape of the bones making up the joint.
What are some examples of hinge joints?
Ankle, knee and elbow.
What are the articulating bones of the ankle?
Talus, tibia and fibula.
What are the articulating bones of the knee?
Femur and tibia.
What are the articulating bones of the elbow?
Humerus, radius and ulna.
What is the sagittal plane?
The vertical plane which divides the body into right and left halves.
What is the frontal plane?
The vertical plane that divides the body into front and back halves.
What is the transverse plane?
Divides the body into upper and lower halves.
What is the transverse axis?
Runs from side to side across the body.
What is the sagittal axis?
Runs from front to back.
What is the longitudinal axis?
Runs from top to bottom.
What movements occur in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis?
Flexion, extension, plantar-flexion, dorsi-flexion and hyper-extension.
What movements occur in a frontal plane about a sagittal axis?
Abduction and adduction.
What movements occur in a transverse plane about a longitudinal axis?
Horizontal abduction and adduction.
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint.
What is extension?
Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint.
What is plantar-flexion?
Pointing the toes/pushing up on to your toes.
What is dorsi-flexion?
Pulling the toes up to the shin.
What is hyper-extension?
Increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint.
Where do plantar-flexion and dorsi-flexion occur?
At the ankle.
What is shoulder flexion?
Raising the arm forwards (up).
What is shoulder extension?
Lowering the arm backwards (down).
What is abduction?
The movement away from the midline of the body.
What is adduction?
Movement towards the midline of the body.
What is horizontal adduction?
Movement of the arm forward across the body at 90 degrees to the shoulder abduction.
What is horizontal abduction?
Movement of the arm backwards across the body to shoulder abduction.
Define agonist
The muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occuring.
Define antagonist
The muscle that works in opposition to the agonist ( to help produce a co-ordinated movement).
What is antagonistic muscle action?
When one muscle is acting as the agonist and the other is acting as the antagonist (working in a pair) to produce a movement.
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during elbow flexion?
Agonist: Biceps
Antagonist: Triceps
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during elbow extension?
Agonist: Triceps
Antagonist: Biceps
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during ankle plantar-flexion?
Agonist: gastrocnemius
Antagonist: tibialis anterior
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during ankle dorsi-flexion?
agonist: tibialis anterior
antagonist: gastrocnemius
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during knee flexion?
agonist: hamstrings
antagonist: quadriceps
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during knee extension?
agonist: quadriceps
antagonist: hamstrings
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during hip flexion?
agonist: Iliopsoas/hip flexors
antagonist: gluteals
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during hip extension/hyper-extension?
agonist: gluteals
antagonist: hip flexors
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during hip adduction?
agonist: adductors (adductor brevis/longus/magnus)
antagonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during hip abduction?
agonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus
antagonist: adductors (adductor brevis/longus/magnus)
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during hip horizontal adduction?
agonist: adductors
antagonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during hip horizontal abduction?
agonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus
antagonist: adductors
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during shoulder flexion?
agonist: anterior deltoid
antagonist: latissimus dorsi
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during shoulder extension/hyper-extension?
agonist: latissimus dorsi
antagonist: anterior deltiod
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during shoulder horizontal abduction?
agonist: latissimus dorsi
antagonist: pectorals
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during shoulder horizontal adduction?
agonist: pectorals
antagonist: latissimus dorsi
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during shoulder adduction?
agonist: posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi
antagonist: middle deltoid/supraspinatus
What is/are the agonist(s) and antagonist(s) during shoulder abduction?
agonist: middle deltoid/supraspinatus
antagonist: posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi
What is an isotonic contraction?
When a muscle contracts (and moves) to create movement.
What are the 2 types of isotonic contraction?
Concentric and eccentric.
What is a concentric contraction?
When a muscle shortens under tension to create the movement.
What is an eccentric contraction?
When a muscle lengthens under tension or performs negative work and acts like a brake.
What is an isometric contraction?
When a muscle is under tension but there is no visible movement.
