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AS PE > 5 - Biomechanical principles and levers > Flashcards

5 - Biomechanical principles and levers Flashcards

1
Q

What is linear motion?

A

Motion in a straight or curved line, with all body parts moving the same distance at the same speed in the same direction.

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2
Q

What is inertia?

A

The resistance an object has to change in its state of motion.

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3
Q

In terms of inertia: the bigger the mass…

A

…the larger the inertia of a body or object.

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4
Q

What is Newton’s first law?

A

Law of inertia.

Every body continues in its state of rest or motion in a straight line, unless compelled to change that stae by external forces exerted upon it.

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5
Q

What is Newton’s second law?

A

Law of acceleration.

The rate of momentum of a body (or the acceleration for a body of constant mass) is proportional to the force causing it and the change that takes place in the direction in which the force acts.

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6
Q

What are the key terms you need to remember for Newton’s 1st law?

A

Inertia, resistance, force, mass, motion.

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7
Q

What are the key terms you need to remember for Newton’s 2nd law?

A

Magnitude (size), direction, acceleration, force, F=ma.

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8
Q

What is the equation for Newton’s second law?

A

F=ma

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9
Q

What is the rate acceleration directly proportional to?

A

The force causing the change.

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10
Q

What is Newton’s 3rd law?

A

Law of motion.

To every action (force), there is an equal and opposite reaction (force).

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11
Q

What are the key terms you need to remember for Newton’s 3rd law?

A

Ground reaction force.

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12
Q

What is ground reaction force (GRF)?

A

The equal and oppostie force exerted on a performer who applies a muscular force on the ground.

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13
Q

Which one of Newton’s laws is this?

Every body continues in its state of rest or motion in a straight line, unless compelled to change that stae by external forces exerted upon it.

A

Newton’s first law of inertia.

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14
Q

Which one of Newton’s laws is this?

The rate of momentum of a body (or the acceleration for a body of constant mass) is proportional to the force causing it and the change that takes place in the direction in which the force acts.

A

Newton’s second law of acceleration.

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15
Q

Which one of Newton’s laws is this?

To every action (force), there is an equal and opposite reaction (force).

A

Newton’s third law of action/reaction?

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16
Q

What does Newton have 3 laws about?

A

Linear motion.

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17
Q

What do Newton’s laws describe?

A

The relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and the body’s motion in response to these forces to help us understand human movement.

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18
Q

What is a scalar quantity?

A

When measurements are described in terms on just their size or magnitude.

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19
Q

What is speed?

A

The rate of change of position.

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20
Q

How can speed be calculated?

A

Speed (m/s) = Distance covered (m) / Time taken (s)

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21
Q

What is distance?

A

The length of the path a body follows from moving from one position to another.

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22
Q

What are the 2 scalar quantities you need to remember?

A

Speed and distance.

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23
Q

What time of quantities are speed and distance?

A

Scalar quantities.

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24
Q

How do you calculate distance?

A

Speed x Time

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25
Q

How do you calculate time?

A

Distance / Speed

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26
Q

How do you show on a distance-time graph that a performer is stationary?

A

A horizontal, flat line.

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27
Q

The steeper the line on a distance-time graph…

A

…the faster the speed of the performer.

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28
Q

On a distance-time graph, what goes on the x and y-axis?

A 
x = time in s
y = distance in m
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29
Q

If the line on a distance-time graph is going up the y-axis what is happening?

A

The performer is going away from the start.

30
Q

If the line on a distance-time graph is going down the y-axis what is happening?

A

The performer is going towards the start.

31
Q

What does a flat, straight line on a distance-time graph mean?

A

They are going at a steady speed.

32
Q

What is centre of mass?

A

The point of concentration of mass, or more simply, the point of balance of a body.

33
Q

What does raising your arms in the air do to your centre of mass?

A

Raises it.

34
Q

What are the 4 factors affecting stability?

A

The height of the centre of mass.
Position of the line of gravity.
Area of the support base.
Mass of the performer.

35
Q

What is the line of gravity?

A

The line extending vertically downwards from the centre of mass.

36
Q

How does the height of the centre of mass affect stability?

A

The lower the centre of mass - the higher the stability.

37
Q

How does position of the line of gravity affect stability?

A

Should be over the base of support to increase stability.

38
Q

How does area of the support base affect stability?

A

The more contact points, the larger the base of support becomes and the more stable they become.

39
Q

How does the mass of the performer affect stability?

A

Often the greater the mass, the more stability there is because of increased inertia.

40
Q

What happens to stability if you lower your centre of mass?

A

It increases.

41
Q

What is the fulcrum?

A

The point about which the lever turns.

42
Q

What is the resistance?

A

The weight to be moved by the lever system.

43
Q

What is the effort?

A

The force applied by the user (muscle) of the lever system.

44
Q

What are the 3 parts to a lever?

A

Fulcrum, resistance, load.

45
Q

How do you remember which thing goes in the middle on a lever?

A

123=FRE

Where 1 2 3 is the type of lever and FRE refers to the word that is in the middle.

46
Q

What in the body acts as a lever?

A

The bones.

47
Q

What in the body acts as the fulcrum?

A

Joints.

48
Q

What in the body is the effort provided by?

A

The muscle.

49
Q

What in the body is the resistance?

A

The weight of the body part that is being moved (often against the force of gravity).

50
Q

What are the 3 types of levers?

A

First, second and third.

51
Q

Describe the appearance of a first class lever:

A

The fulcrum is located in between the effort and the resistance. (Both arrows for the resistance and load are on top of the lever pointing down!!)

52
Q

Describe the appearance of a second class lever:

A

The resistance lies between the fulcrum and the effort. (The arrows are on top of the lever but the resistance arrow points down and the effort points up!!)

53
Q

Describe the appearance of a third class lever:

A

The effort lies between the fulcrum and the resistance. (Both arrows are on top of the lever but the resistance arrow points down and the effort points up!!)

54
Q

What are the examples of first class levers in the body?

A

The movement of the head and neck during flexion and extension.

Extension of the elbow.

55
Q

What are the examples of second class levers in the body?

A

Plantarflexion of the ankle.

56
Q

What are the examples of third class levers in the body?

A

Hip, knee and elbow flexion.

57
Q

Which class lever is the most common?

A

3rd class.

58
Q

What is the effort/force arm?

A

The length of the line between where the fulcrum and effort are labelled.

59
Q

What is the resistance arm?

A

The length of the line between where the fulcrum and the resistance are labelled.

60
Q

What is mechanical advantage?

A

Where the force arm is longer than the resistance arm.

61
Q

What is mechanical disadvantage?

A

Where the resistance arm is longer than the force arm.

62
Q

What does mechanical disadvantage mean that a lever can/can’t do?

A

Lever system can’t move heavy loads but can move loads faster. It also has a large range of movement.

63
Q

What does mechanical advantage mean that a lever can/can’t do?

A

Lever system can move heavy/large loads over a short distance and requires little force. However, it has a small range of movement and it is difficult to generate speed and distance.

64
Q

What is the mechanical advantage of a second class lever?

A

Can generate much larger forces.

Has to lift the whole body weight.

65
Q

What is the mechanical disadvantage of a second class lever?

A

Slow, with a limited range of movement.

66
Q

What is the mechanical advantage of a first and third class lever?

A

Large range of movement and any resistance can be moved quickly.

67
Q

What is the mechanical disadvantage of a first and third class lever?

A

Cannot apply much force to move an object.

68
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

a) A first order lever has the resistance in the middle.
b) A first order lever has the effort in the middle.
c) A second order lever has the fulcrum in the middle.
d) A third order lever has the effort in the middle.

A

d) A third order lever has the effort in the middle.

69
Q

What lever system operates during plantar-flexion of the ankle joint?

A

2 class lever.

70
Q

If a sprinter runs at a speed of 8 metres per second for 30 seconds, calculate the distance covered.

A

Distance = Speed x Time

8 x 30 = 240m

71
Q

What do you understand by the terms mechanical advantage and mechanical disadvantage?

A

Mechanical advantage:

  • When the force arm is longer than the resistance arm.
  • Can move a large load over a short distance and requires little force.

Mechanical disadvantage:

  • When the resistance arm is longer than the force arm.
  • Cannot move as heavy a load but can do it faster/large range of movement.
72
Q

Using Newton’s second law of motion, explain how an athlete is able to accelerate towards the finish line.

A
  • Mass of runner is constant.
  • Force = Mass x Acceleration.
  • The greater the force exerted on the floor, the greater the acceleration of the athlete.
  • Force governs direction so the athlete will accelerate in the direction of the applied force.
  • Force is applied by muscular contraction of the gastrocnemius, quadriceps, gluteals.
  • The reaction force comes from the ground.

AS PE (16 decks)

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