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AS PE > 2.1 - Skill characteristics and their impact of transfer and practice > Flashcards

2.1 - Skill characteristics and their impact of transfer and practice Flashcards

1
Q

Define skill

A

A learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both.

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2
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of skill?

A 
ACEFACE
Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient
Fluent
Accurate
Controlled
Economical
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3
Q

What is an acronym to help remember the 7 characteristics of skill?

A

ACEFACE

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4
Q

What are the 6 skill continua?

A

open - closed (environmental)
gross - fine (extent of muscles used)
self-paced - externally-paced (control & rate of execution)
discrete - continuous - serial (continuity)
high - low (organisation)
simple - complex (degree of difficulty)

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5
Q

What is an open skill?

A

A skill performed in an unpredictable environment.

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6
Q

What is a closed skill?

A

A skill performed in a predictable environment.

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7
Q

What is a gross skill?

A

A skill that uses large muscles groups.

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8
Q

What is a fine skill?

A

A skill that uses smaller muscles groups.

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9
Q

What is a self-paced skill?

A

When the performer controls the start and the speed of the skill.

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10
Q

What is an externally-paced skill?

A

When the performer has no control over the start and the speed of the skill.

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11
Q

What is a discrete skill?

A

A skill that has a clear beginning and end.

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12
Q

What is a serial skill?

A

A skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement.

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13
Q

What is a continuous skill?

A

A skill that has no clear beginning and end and often the end of one part or sub-routine of the skill is the start of the next part.

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14
Q

What is a low-organised skill?

A

A skill that is easily broken into parts.

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15
Q

What is a high-organised skill?

A

A skill that is not easily broken into parts.

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16
Q

What is a simple skill?

A

A skill that requires few decisions when being performed.

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17
Q

What is a complex skill?

A

A skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed.

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of transfer?

A

Positive, negative, zero and bilateral.

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19
Q

Define transfer

A

The effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another.

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20
Q

What is positive transfer?

A

When the learning of one skill helps the learning of another.

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21
Q

When does positive transfer tend to happen?

A

When the 2 skills have similar shape and form - the actions are similar so that the movements of one skill help the action of the other.

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22
Q

What is negative transfer?

A

When the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another.

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23
Q

When might negative transfer happen?

A

When there is some familiarity with the environment in which the 2 skills are performed and this causes confusion when the actions are not the same.

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24
Q

What is zero transfer?

A

When the learning of one skill has no impact of the learning of another.

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25
Q

When might zero transfer occur?

A

When the 2 skills have no similarities and there is no aspect of confusion.

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26
Q

What is bilateral transfer?

A

When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb.

E.g. right-footed footballer encouraged to use left foot when required.

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27
Q

How can a coach ensure positive transfer?

A
  • Make sure training is realistic.
  • Make sure one skill is well-learned before moving onto the next.
  • Reward and reinforce (praise).
  • Make player aware of transfer potential.
  • Identify elements that hinder.
  • Eliminate bad habits.
  • Make sure (keep) player is well-motivated.
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28
Q

What are the 3 methods of presenting practice?

A

Whole practice
Whole-part-whole practice
Progressive part practice

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29
Q

What is the decision on which type of practice to use dependent on?

A

The type of skill, the performer and the advantages that can be gained.

30
Q

What is whole practice?

A

Practising the skill in its entirety.

31
Q

Why is whole practice the ideal way to teach a skill?

A

As is promotes understanding, establishes the links between sub-routines and creates fluency.

32
Q

When might a coach decide to use whole practice?

A

When:

  • Skill is fast, ballistic and discrete.
  • Skill is highly-organised and can’t easily be broken down.
  • Skill is simples and doesn’t require much thought so that fewer demands are placed on performer.
  • The feel (kinaesthesis) of whole task is required as learner develops and is ready to perform whole task.
  • Performer is advanced in the autonomous stage of learning, when the movement is detailed and precise, and able to cope with the demands of the whole task.
  • The links between sub-routines need to be maintained or skill needs to be performed in a specific order.
33
Q

What are the advantages of whole practice?

A
  • Gives feel for whole skill.
  • Links between sub-routines maintained.
  • Helps create specific images that can be stored in LTM as a motor programme.
  • More realistic so helps produce the effect of positive transfer.
  • Makes skill consistent.
34
Q

What are the disadvantages of whole practice?

A
  • May place unnecessary demands on performer.
  • Possibility of fatigue.
  • May be too much information to process at once.
35
Q

What is the solution to the problems associated with whole practice?

A

Whole-part-whole practice.

36
Q

What is whole-part-whole practice?

A

Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practice, then putting the skill back together.

37
Q

When is the whole-part-whole method used?

A

When a beginner is doing a complex skill and may need to focus on a certain part.

38
Q

What are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice?

A
  • Provide motivation when success is achieved when a long-standing weakness is corrected.
  • Provides immediate feedback.
  • Corrects errors and allows the selected part to be integrated successfully into the whole action.
  • Fluency and integration of sub-routines can be maintained while errors corrected.
  • Maintains feel for whole skill and the transition between parts of it.
39
Q

What are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice?

A
  • Negative transfer unless integrated back in the same session.
  • Time consuming.
40
Q

What is progressive part practice?

A

Practising the first part of the skill the adding parts gradually. Sometimes called chaining.

41
Q

What is chaining?

A

Linking the sub-routines, or parts of a task, together in order when practising. The first 2 parts are learned, then the third part is added; that part is learned and added to the first 2, and so on.

42
Q

When is progressive part practice used?

A

For serial skills when the order is important and when the links between sub-routines need to be made.

For dangerous skills.

Low-organised skill.

Complex skill.

43
Q

What are the advantages of progressive part practice?

A
  • Learner/coach allowed to focus on one aspect of the task and can potentially correct specific weaknesses.
  • Performer can rest so fatigue is reduced.
  • Each part brings success in stages so motivation levels are restored.
  • Builds initial understanding and may improve confidence as success is gradually achieved.
44
Q

What are the disadvantages of progressive part practice?

A
  • Time-consuming.
  • Might neglect the feel of whole task and might ignore links between sub-routines.
  • Danger of negative transfer.
45
Q

What is massed practice?

A

Continuous, with no rest intervals between sessions.

46
Q

When is massed practice used?

A
  • discrete skill
  • simple skill
  • closed environment

As unlikely to be any changes needed to skill and numerous reps can be done.

47
Q

What are the advantages of massed practice?

A
  • Promotes fitness so performer can cope with extended demands of task.
  • Practicing without a break makes the skill become almost automatic so fixed responses become habitual and player can repeat skill consistently.
  • Motor programmes - stored in memory.
  • Efficient and gets job done quickly.
48
Q

What are the disadvantages of massed practice?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Negative transfer
  • High demands on player
49
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

Rest intervals between sessions.

50
Q

When should distributed practice be used?

A
  • continuous skill
  • performer may need break
  • when skill practice is changed
  • skill is open and unpredictable and break is used to explain the changes or additions to the drill.
  • complex skill
  • externally-paced skill
  • to relieve pressure and intensity from players
51
Q

What are the advantages of distributed practice?

A
  • takes pressure off and allows recuperation.
  • reduces fatigue.
  • good for beginners (controlled progress - feedback in rest interval).
  • motivation (praise in rest interval).
  • safe way of practicing dangerous activities where guidelines can be given to avoid the dangerous aspects of the task.
52
Q

When might distributed and mental practice be used together?

A

Mental practice could be used by the performer in the rest intervals in distributed practice.

53
Q

What are the disadvantages of distributed practice?

A
  • time consuming
  • shouldn’t be used in a tight sessions that requires fast progress
  • not useful for experts over-learning their skills
  • negative transfer
54
Q

What is varied practice?

A

Changing the practice type and the practice drills.

55
Q

Why might games/team players use varied practice?

A

So that players adapt to changes in the environment.

56
Q

When is varied practice used?

A
  • Open skill.
  • Unpredictable environment.
  • Externally-paced skill.
  • Continuous skill (maintain motivation).
57
Q

What are the advantages of varied practice?

A
  • Allows player to adapt their skills in changing environment.
  • Prevents players from becoming stale.
  • May add fun and games to session - increasing motivation.
  • Helps build sub-routines.
  • Develops method of adapting existing skills from the memory store - schema.
58
Q

What are the disadvantages of varied practice?

A
  • Time consuming.
  • Negative transfer.
    Might place unnecessary demands on player if they are given too many things to focus on.
  • Danger of fatigue.
59
Q

What is mental practice?

A

Going over the skill in the mind without movement.

60
Q

When does mental practice have the best results?

A

When it is combined with physical practice.

61
Q

What are the benefits of mental practice?

A
  • Improves confidence.
  • Lowers anxiety.
  • Stimulates muscle receptors so that player is better prepared and reaction times reduced.
  • Develops cognitive ability.
  • Improves decision making and thinking.
  • Can be done during injury to help maintain memory of skill.
62
Q

What are the forms of mental practice?

A

Internal and external.

63
Q

What is external mental practice?

A

Involves forming an image of yourself performing the skill, as if you were on television (looking at yourself from the outside).

64
Q

What is internal mental practice?

A

Looks at the performance from within (imagining what it feels like to perform the skill and looking at how your anxieties and mental control of the skill can be improved.

65
Q

When and how should mental practice be used by coaches for beginners?

A

As part of distributed practice.
Basics of skill introducing harder parts.
Short.
Key parts emphasised.
Should be used to lower arousal and anxiety, build confidence, provide basic picture of requirements of skill, to reduce errors and provide motivation.

66
Q

When and how should mental practice be used by coaches for expert performers?

A

Techniques of mental practice should be established so coaches can devote a whole session to preparing for a major game.

Specific strategies of tactics highlighted maybe focussing on opponents weakness and the performers could then be allowed to control the session.

67
Q

When and how should mental practice be used by coaches for advanced performers?

A

Can give extra edge by improving reaction time, activating the muscles, helping the performer to focus, making sure the performer remains in the autonomous stage of learning, with automatic responses.

68
Q

In what type of environment should the coach make sure that mental practice is undertaken?

A

Relaxed.

69
Q

In mental practice, which results should the coach ensure are rehearsed?

A

Successful ones.

70
Q

What can mental practice be done in conjunction with to give the best results?

A

Physical practice as this combination usually gives the best results

AS PE (16 decks)

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