2.2 - Principles and theories of learning and performance Flashcards
What is learning defined as?
A permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of practice.
How many stages of learning are there?
3
What are the stages of learning?
The cognitive stage
The associative stage
The autonomous stage
What happens in the cognitive stage of learning?
The performer has to think carefully about their actions and try to understand how to copy the demonstrations and instructions.
Movements are slow and uncoordinated.
Motor programmes not yet developed.
Trial and error used.
What type of feedback may be used in the cognitive stage?
Extrinsic
Define cognitive stage of learning
The first stage of learning used by a novice. Understanding and sub-routines are explored by trial and error.
What is performance?
A temporary occurence that can change from time to time because of many external and internal influences.
Define associative stage of learning
The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother.
Define autonomous stage of learning
The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific.
Which is the longest stage of learning?
The associative stage
What happens in the autonomous stage of learning?
Actions become fluent, efficient and automatically undertaken.
Focus of fine details.
Motor programme fully developed.
What is feedback?
Information to aid error correction.
What are the 6 types of feedback?
positive negative extrinsic intrinsic knowledge of performance knowledge of results
What is positive feedback?
Encouragement - information about what was good.
What is negative feedback?
Error correction - Information about what was wrong.
What is extrinsic feedback?
Feedback from an outside source.
What is intrinsic feedback?
Feedback from within e.g. kinaesthetic feedback about how the skill felt to the muscles used.
What is knowledge of results?
Concerns the outcome - feedback about whether or not the skill was successful.
What is knowledge of performance?
Feedback about the technique.
What type of feedback is used in the cognitive stage?
Positive extrinsic
What type of feedback is used in the autonomous stage?
Intrinsic negative
What type of feedback is used in the associative stage?
Extrinsic intrinsic positive and negative
Define plateau
A period of no improvement in performance.
What is a learning plateau?
A period during performance when there are no signs of improvement.