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PE > Key Words > Flashcards

Key Words Flashcards

1
Q

Lever arm

A

The limb/bone being moved about a point

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2
Q

Pivot

A

The joint where the lever arm pivots

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3
Q

Weight/resistance

A

The resistance against the pull of the muscles on the lever arm

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4
Q

Effort

A

The force applied by the muscles on the lever arm at the point of insertion

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5
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

Effort arm ➗resistance arm. High mechanical advantage means a high load can be carried with very little effort.

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6
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Forwards and backwards movement - flexion and extension

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7
Q

Frontal plane

A

Side to side movement- abduction and adduction

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8
Q

Transverse plane

A

Turning around - rotation

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9
Q

Long bones

A

Produce gross movements

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10
Q

Short bones

A

Produce fine movements

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11
Q

Flat bones

A

Protect vital organs

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12
Q

Irregular bones

A

Don’t fit another category

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13
Q

Synovial joint

A

Type of joint commonly found in the limbs

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14
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Thin layer of cells, produces synovial fluid

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15
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Fills joint cavity, lubricates joint do it moves slowly and prevents bones running together

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16
Q

Bursae

A

Fluid-filled bags that help reduce friction in a joint

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17
Q

Cartilage

A

Covers ends of bones, cushions + protects, reduces friction and wear and tear on bones

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18
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone, keeps joint together, prevents dislocation by restricting movement

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19
Q

Joint

A

Place where 2 or more bones meet

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20
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

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21
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing angle at a joint

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22
Q

Extension

A

Increasing angle at a joint

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23
Q

Abduction

A

Limbs moved away from body

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24
Q

Adduction

A

Limbs are moved back towards body

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25
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Movement at ankle where toes are pointed towards the floor

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26
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Movement at ankle where toes are pulled up towards the knee

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27
Q

Rotation

A

Turning a limb along its axis

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28
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract

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29
Q

Agonist

A

The prime mover - muscle that causes movement

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30
Q

Isotonic

A

Muscle action where muscle changes length and causes movement

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31
Q

Isometric

A

Muscles action where muscle stays the same length - used in balances

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32
Q

Concentric

A

Isotonic contraction where muscle shortens

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33
Q

Eccentric

A

Isotonic contraction where muscle lengthens

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34
Q

Diffusion

A

How gaseous exchange happens, the movement of gas from a high concentration to a low concentration

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35
Q

Capillaries

A

Blood vessels surrounding alveoli, thin walled, join arteries and veins

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36
Q

Veins

A

Thin walled blood vessels, large lumen, valves, carry blood back to heart

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37
Q

Arteries

A

Thick muscular walls, carry blood away from heart, high pressure

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38
Q

Lung volumes

A

The amounts of air inhaled, exhaled and kept within the lungs at any given time

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39
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air breathed in (or out) with each normal breath

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40
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiration of a normal tidal volume

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41
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after inspiration of a normal tidal volume

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42
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration

43
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmary

44
Q

Fitness

A

The ability to meet/cope with the demands of the environment

45
Q

Principles of training

A

A set of factors which should be considered to plan an effective training programme

46
Q

Training programme

A

A set of training sessions designed to bring about specific improvements leading to an improvement in performance

47
Q

Training threshold

A

How intense training needs to be in order to stress the body enough to cause an adaption or improvement (progressive overload)

48
Q

Interval training

A

any type of training that involves alternating periods of work with periods of rest

49
Q

Information processing

A

Making decisions. Involves gathering data from the display (senses) and prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision e.g. choosing a suitable skill

50
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Muscle causing plantar flexion at the ankle

51
Q

Guidance

A

Methods to help a learner understand movement patterns.

52
Q

Verbal guidance

A

Guidance provided by another person speaking to you

53
Q

Visual guidance

A

Guidance that you can see e.g. a demonstration. Usually paired with verbal guidance

54
Q

Skill

A

A learned action/behaviours with the intention of bringing about predetermined results with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy

55
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Muscle causing dorsiflexion at the ankle

56
Q

Quadriceps

A

Group of muscles causing extension at the knee

57
Q

Qualitative data

A

A measure of descriptions and opinions, relating to quality of performance rather than quantity. E.g. below average

58
Q

Quantitative data

A

A measurement which has been quantified as a number e.g. time in seconds. No opinion is expressed, it is a fact.

59
Q

Oxygen debt

A

The amount of oxygen needed to pay back to the muscles to remove the lactic acid

60
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

‘Exercise in the presence of sufficient oxygen’

61
Q

Anaerobic exercise

A

‘Exercise with insufficient oxygen to meet the demands of the task’

62
Q

EPOC

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. After high intensity exercise, breathing rate stays high allowing more oxygen in. The excess oxygen breaks down lactic acid.

63
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Muscle in neck that contracts during inhalation during exercise to pull ribs up faster + further

64
Q

Pectorals

A

Muscle in chest that also contracts during inspiration during exercise

65
Q

Longitudinal axis

A

Rotation

66
Q

Transverse axis

A

Flexion + extension

67
Q

Sagittal axis

A

Adduction + abduction

68
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Transports oxygenated blood to the left atrium

69
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Transports bloood to the lungs so that gaseous exchange can occur

70
Q

Haemoglobin

A

What carries the oxygen in the red blood cells. Becomes oxyhemoglobin when carrying oxygen

71
Q

First class lever

A

> extension at elbow caused by tricep
low mechanical advantage
fulcrum is in centre

72
Q

Second class lever

A

> only plantarflexion at the ankle caused by gastrocnemius
high mechanical advantage (e.g. can carry entire body weight)
resistance is in the centre

73
Q

Third class lever

A

> all other examples
low mechanical advantage (can carry small weights quickly)
effort is in middle

74
Q

Aerobic respiration

A
75
Q

Cardiovascular endurance

A

The ability of the heart and lungs to transport oxygen to working muscles

76
Q

Flexibility

A

The range of motion at a joint

77
Q

Muscular endurance

A

The ability to undergo repeated muscular contractions avoiding fatigue

78
Q

Strength

A

The amount of force a muscle can exert against a resistance

79
Q

Agility

A

The ability to change direction quickly whilst maintaining control

80
Q

Balance

A

The ability to maintain the body’s centre of mass above the base of support

81
Q

Co ordination

A

The ability to use two or more body parts together, smoothly

82
Q

Power

A

The ability to perform strength performances quickly (strength x time)

83
Q

Reaction time

A

The time taken to respond to a stimulus

84
Q

Speed

A

The ability to move all or part of the body as quickly as possible

85
Q

Hydration

A

Having enough water ti enable normal functioning in the body

86
Q

Rehydration

A

Drinking water to restore hydration

87
Q

Dehydration

A

Excessive loss of water, interrupting the functioning of the body. This leads to many complications

88
Q

Obesity

A

Having a large fat content, a BMI of over 30

89
Q

Being sedentary

A

Having little, no or irregular physical activity

90
Q

A lifestyle

A

The way in which a person lives

91
Q

Etiquette

A

The unwritten rules or customs concerning player behaviour

92
Q

Sportsmanship

A

Appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating + using etiquette in a sporting event

93
Q

Gamesmanship

A

Using dubious methods that are not strictly illegal, to gain an advantage

94
Q

Players contract to compete

A

Agreeing to play by the rules, trying to win, but also allowing your opponent to play

95
Q

Ergogenic aids

A

Techniques or substances used for the purposes of enhancing performance

96
Q

National governing body

A

Organisation with responsibility for managing its specific sport

97
Q

International Olympic committee

A

The independent authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement. It organises the Olympic games

98
Q

Stimulants

A

Substances that speed up parts of the brain and body

99
Q

Narcotic analgesics

A

Very strong painkillers e.g. heroin, morphine

100
Q

Anabolic agents

A

Increase the rate and amount of muscle growth

101
Q

Diuretics

A

Drugs taken to remove excess water from the body

102
Q

EPO

A

injection that increases production of red blood cells

103
Q

Betablockers

A

Drugs taken to calm a performer down

104
Q

Hooliganism

A

Rowdy, violent or destructive behaviour

PE (9 decks)

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