Key Words Flashcards
1
Q
Lever arm
A
The limb/bone being moved about a point
2
Q
Pivot
A
The joint where the lever arm pivots
3
Q
Weight/resistance
A
The resistance against the pull of the muscles on the lever arm
4
Q
Effort
A
The force applied by the muscles on the lever arm at the point of insertion
5
Q
Mechanical advantage
A
Effort arm ➗resistance arm. High mechanical advantage means a high load can be carried with very little effort.
6
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Forwards and backwards movement - flexion and extension
7
Q
Frontal plane
A
Side to side movement- abduction and adduction
8
Q
Transverse plane
A
Turning around - rotation
9
Q
Long bones
A
Produce gross movements
10
Q
Short bones
A
Produce fine movements
11
Q
Flat bones
A
Protect vital organs
12
Q
Irregular bones
A
Don’t fit another category
13
Q
Synovial joint
A
Type of joint commonly found in the limbs
14
Q
Synovial membrane
A
Thin layer of cells, produces synovial fluid
15
Q
Synovial fluid
A
Fills joint cavity, lubricates joint do it moves slowly and prevents bones running together
16
Q
Bursae
A
Fluid-filled bags that help reduce friction in a joint
17
Q
Cartilage
A
Covers ends of bones, cushions + protects, reduces friction and wear and tear on bones
18
Q
Ligaments
A
Connect bone to bone, keeps joint together, prevents dislocation by restricting movement
19
Q
Joint
A
Place where 2 or more bones meet
20
Q
Tendons
A
Connect muscle to bone
21
Q
Flexion
A
Decreasing angle at a joint
22
Q
Extension
A
Increasing angle at a joint
23
Q
Abduction
A
Limbs moved away from body
24
Q
Adduction
A
Limbs are moved back towards body
25
Plantarflexion
Movement at ankle where toes are pointed towards the floor
26
Dorsiflexion
Movement at ankle where toes are pulled up towards the knee
27
Rotation
Turning a limb along its axis
28
Antagonist
Muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract
29
Agonist
The prime mover - muscle that causes movement
30
Isotonic
Muscle action where muscle changes length and causes movement
31
Isometric
Muscles action where muscle stays the same length - used in balances
32
Concentric
Isotonic contraction where muscle shortens
33
Eccentric
Isotonic contraction where muscle lengthens
34
Diffusion
How gaseous exchange happens, the movement of gas from a high concentration to a low concentration
35
Capillaries
Blood vessels surrounding alveoli, thin walled, join arteries and veins
36
Veins
Thin walled blood vessels, large lumen, valves, carry blood back to heart
37
Arteries
Thick muscular walls, carry blood away from heart, high pressure
38
Lung volumes
The amounts of air inhaled, exhaled and kept within the lungs at any given time
39
Tidal volume
The amount of air breathed in (or out) with each normal breath
40
Expiratory reserve volume
Additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiration of a normal tidal volume
41
Inspiratory reserve volume
Additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after inspiration of a normal tidal volume
42
Residual volume
Volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration
43
Health
A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmary
44
Fitness
The ability to meet/cope with the demands of the environment
45
Principles of training
A set of factors which should be considered to plan an effective training programme
46
Training programme
A set of training sessions designed to bring about specific improvements leading to an improvement in performance
47
Training threshold
How intense training needs to be in order to stress the body enough to cause an adaption or improvement (progressive overload)
48
Interval training
any type of training that involves alternating periods of work with periods of rest
49
Information processing
Making decisions. Involves gathering data from the display (senses) and prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision e.g. choosing a suitable skill
50
Gastrocnemius
Muscle causing plantar flexion at the ankle
51
Guidance
Methods to help a learner understand movement patterns.
52
Verbal guidance
Guidance provided by another person speaking to you
53
Visual guidance
Guidance that you can see e.g. a demonstration. Usually paired with verbal guidance
54
Skill
A learned action/behaviours with the intention of bringing about predetermined results with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy
55
Tibialis anterior
Muscle causing dorsiflexion at the ankle
56
Quadriceps
Group of muscles causing extension at the knee
57
Qualitative data
A measure of descriptions and opinions, relating to quality of performance rather than quantity. E.g. below average
58
Quantitative data
A measurement which has been quantified as a number e.g. time in seconds. No opinion is expressed, it is a fact.
59
Oxygen debt
The amount of oxygen needed to pay back to the muscles to remove the lactic acid
60
Aerobic exercise
‘Exercise in the presence of sufficient oxygen’
61
Anaerobic exercise
‘Exercise with insufficient oxygen to meet the demands of the task’
62
EPOC
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. After high intensity exercise, breathing rate stays high allowing more oxygen in. The excess oxygen breaks down lactic acid.
63
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscle in neck that contracts during inhalation during exercise to pull ribs up faster + further
64
Pectorals
Muscle in chest that also contracts during inspiration during exercise
65
Longitudinal axis
Rotation
66
Transverse axis
Flexion + extension
67
Sagittal axis
Adduction + abduction
68
Pulmonary vein
Transports oxygenated blood to the left atrium
69
Pulmonary artery
Transports bloood to the lungs so that gaseous exchange can occur
70
Haemoglobin
What carries the oxygen in the red blood cells. Becomes oxyhemoglobin when carrying oxygen
71
First class lever
>extension at elbow caused by tricep
>low mechanical advantage
>fulcrum is in centre
72
Second class lever
>only plantarflexion at the ankle caused by gastrocnemius
>high mechanical advantage (e.g. can carry entire body weight)
>resistance is in the centre
73
Third class lever
>all other examples
>low mechanical advantage (can carry small weights quickly)
>effort is in middle
74
Aerobic respiration
75
Cardiovascular endurance
The ability of the heart and lungs to transport oxygen to working muscles
76
Flexibility
The range of motion at a joint
77
Muscular endurance
The ability to undergo repeated muscular contractions avoiding fatigue
78
Strength
The amount of force a muscle can exert against a resistance
79
Agility
The ability to change direction quickly whilst maintaining control
80
Balance
The ability to maintain the body’s centre of mass above the base of support
81
Co ordination
The ability to use two or more body parts together, smoothly
82
Power
The ability to perform strength performances quickly (strength x time)
83
Reaction time
The time taken to respond to a stimulus
84
Speed
The ability to move all or part of the body as quickly as possible
85
Hydration
Having enough water ti enable normal functioning in the body
86
Rehydration
Drinking water to restore hydration
87
Dehydration
Excessive loss of water, interrupting the functioning of the body. This leads to many complications
88
Obesity
Having a large fat content, a BMI of over 30
89
Being sedentary
Having little, no or irregular physical activity
90
A lifestyle
The way in which a person lives
91
Etiquette
The unwritten rules or customs concerning player behaviour
92
Sportsmanship
Appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating + using etiquette in a sporting event
93
Gamesmanship
Using dubious methods that are not strictly illegal, to gain an advantage
94
Players contract to compete
Agreeing to play by the rules, trying to win, but also allowing your opponent to play
95
Ergogenic aids
Techniques or substances used for the purposes of enhancing performance
96
National governing body
Organisation with responsibility for managing its specific sport
97
International Olympic committee
The independent authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement. It organises the Olympic games
98
Stimulants
Substances that speed up parts of the brain and body
99
Narcotic analgesics
Very strong painkillers e.g. heroin, morphine
100
Anabolic agents
Increase the rate and amount of muscle growth
101
Diuretics
Drugs taken to remove excess water from the body
102
EPO
injection that increases production of red blood cells
103
Betablockers
Drugs taken to calm a performer down
104
Hooliganism
Rowdy, violent or destructive behaviour
