Ethical Issues In Sport Flashcards
Evaluate having an early kick off time to prevent alcohol consumption
Media+ sponsors now dictate kick off time, many European games kick off at 8pm so people are likely to drink before.
If people want to drink, they will drink no matter what time it is
Evaluate having an all-seated stadia
Seating costs a lot of money
There is less evidence of violence within stadium as spectators are seated
Fans can still mix
Evaluate segregating fans
Less violence occurring in stands
Money is needed to police the segregations
Hooligans move away from the stadium to misbehave
Evaluate travel restrictions/banning orders for trouble makers
Fewer hooligans can travel to matches
@ a cost of monitoring + closing pubs
Evaluate improved policing and stewarding at stadiums
Less violence
Costs lots of money to train and pay stewards
Evaluate using cctv cameras in stadiums
Very expensive
Effecting @ identifying hooligans + providing evidence to prosecute
Definition of etiquette
Unwritten rules or customs concerning player behaviour. Includes upholding respect and fairness
Example of players conduct:
Footballer kicking the ball out of play if opponent is injured
Shaking hands
Definition of sportsmanship
Appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating and using etiquette in a sporting event.
Examples of sportsmanship:
- showing graciousness in victory and not being a sore loser
- telling football referee the ball is out of play
- helping rival player up if down injured
Definition of gamesmanship
Using dubious methods that are not strictly illegal, to gain an advantage (bending the rules without breaking them)
Examples of gamesmanship
- time wasting in a football game when winning
- distracting cricket batsman to try and put them off
Definition of player’s contract to compete:
Agreeing to play by the rules, trying to win, but also allowing your opponent to play
Ways to encourage sportsmanship:
- drug testing
- penalties can be awarded during play (e.g. yellow cards)
- clubs can be fined or points deducted
- positions can be awarded based on the player’s disciplinary record e.g. captaincy
Definition of ergogenic aids
Techniques or substances used for the purposes of enhancing performance
What are PEDS?
performance enhancing drugs
What are stimulants?
Substances that speed up parts of the brain and body e.g. caffeine
Why Is caffeine often used by endurance athletes?
To better transport fat in the blood, enabling them to play for longer and lessen the pain, enabling them to play at a higher intensity
Positive effects of stimulants
- makes performer more alert
- reduces reaction time
- increases aggression
Negative effects of stimulants
- highly addictive
- increases blood pressure
- increases risk of injury as performers are more tolerant to pain
- heart and liver problems
- increases risk of stroke
- diarrhoea (dehydration)
What are narcotic analgesics?
Very strong painkillers e.g. morphine and heroin
Positive effects of narcotic analgesics
- speed up recovery from training
- allow performer to train/compete with injury
Negative effects of narcotic analgesics
- highly addictive
- if taken to hide an injury, the injury can worsen
- loss of concentration
- lower blood pressure e
What are anabolic agents
PEDS that enhance the rate and a amount of muscle growth e.g. steroids
Positive effects of anabolic agents:
- increase rate and amount of muscle growth
- speed up recovery so able to train harder and more often
- build up body weight, increase strength and size of muscles (muscular hypertrophy)
Negative effects of anabolic agents:
- shrinks testicles in men
- makes the user more aggressive
- damages liver, kidney and heart
- women may develop more body hair, smaller breasts and a deeper voice
What is blood doping?
Involves the removal of blood a few weeks before competition. This blood them frozen and stored for later use. After the blood is removed, the body produces more red blood cells to make up for the lost blood. The blood is then reinjected 1-2 days before competition resulting in a much higher red blood cell content
Pros of blood doping:
- fatigue slower
- more red blood cells meaning more oxygen can be delivered to working muscles at a faster rate
Cons of blood doping:
- increased risk of heart attack
- thickening of blood
- increased risk of contracting blood-based diseases
What is EPO?
It increases production of red blood cells.
Can be injected into an athlete - prompts the production of more red blood cells leading to more oxygen being delivered to muscles
- benefits endurance events
Negative side effects of EPO:
- blood thinkers so the heart has to work harder, increasing the risk of stroke and a heart attack
- high blood pressure
- reduces the body’s natural ability to make EPO
What are diuretics?
Drugs taken to remove excess water from the body
Positive effects of diuretics
- don’t actually improve performances
- used to lose weight rapidly
- dilutes presence of other PED’s (for blood tests)
Negative effects of diuretics
- causes severe dehydration
- lowers blood pressure
- muscle cramps
What are beta blockers?
Drugs taken to calm a performer down
Positive effects of beta blockers on the body
- reduce the effects of nervousness and adrenaline
- reduces heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure
- improves fine motor control/precision
Negative effects of beta blockers on the body
- thickens blood
- potential infection
- potential for a heart attack
