Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

What types of bones protect vital organs?

Answer 1

Flat bones

Question 2

How does the skeleton move?

Answer 2

The skeleton are moved by muscles which are attached to the bones by tendons. When muscles contract, the bones are pulled causing them to move at the joints

Question 3

Where in the Body is the talus?

Answer 3

In the ankle

Question 4

Which flat bones in the chest help to protect the heart and the lungs?

Answer 4

The ribs and the sternum

Question 5

What two types of joint movements occur at the ankle?

Answer 5

Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

Question 6

What bones meet at the shoulder joint?

Answer 6

The scapula and the humerus

Question 7

What is the difference between circumduction and rotation?

Answer 7

Circumduction = movement of a limb in a circular motion
Rotation = the limb turns around it’s own axis

Question 8

What are antagonistic pairs?

Answer 8

How muscles work (in pairs)
When the agonist contracts and shortens, the antagonist relaxes and lengthens

Question 9

What is the agonist for flexion at the shoulder?

Answer 9

Deltoid

Question 10

Agonist for extension at the shoulder?

Answer 10

Latissimus dorsi

Question 11

Agonist for adduction at the shoulder

Answer 11

Latissimus dorsi/pectorals

Question 12

Agonist for abduction at the shoulder joint

Answer 12

Deltoid

Question 13

Agonist for rotation at the shoulder joint

Answer 13

Rotator cuff

Question 14

Agonist for circumduction at the shoulder joint

Answer 14

There are many

Question 15

Agonist for extension at the elbow

Answer 15

Tricep

Question 16

Agonist for flexion at the elbow joint

Answer 16

Bicep

Question 17

Agonist for flexion at the hip joint

Answer 17

Hip flexors

Question 18

Agonist for extension at the hip joint

Answer 18

Gluteals

Question 19

Agonist for abduction at the hip joint

Answer 19

Gluteals

Question 20

Agonist for adduction at the hip joint

Answer 20

There are many

Question 21

Agonist for flexion at the knee joint

Answer 21

Hamstrings

Question 22

Agonist for extension at the knee joint

Answer 22

Quadriceps

Question 23

Agonist for plantar flexion at the ankle joint

Answer 23

Gastrocnemius

Question 24

Agonist for dorsi flexion at the ankle joint

Answer 24

Tibialis anterior

Question 25

What type of bones produce gross movements like running, kicking

Answer 25

Long bones

Question 26

What type of bones produce fine movements e.g. aiming, balancing

Answer 26

Short bones e,g. Carpals, phalanges

Question 27

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 27

• support
• protection
• movement
• structural shape and muscle attachment
• mineral storage
• blood cell production

Question 28

How does the skeleton provide support?

Answer 28

The bones are solid and rigid so keep us upright and hold muscles and organs in place e.g. ribs and sternum hold the heart and lungs in place

Question 29

How does the skeleton provide protection?

Answer 29

Parts of the skeleton enclose and protect the body’s organs from contact force e.g. brain is protected by the cranium which is especially important in contact sports

Question 30

How does the skeleton provide movement?

Answer 30

The skeleton provides anchor points for the muscles to pull against.
E.g. elbow joint allows the arm to bend in the middle by contracting the bicep

Question 31

How does the skeleton provide structural shape?

Answer 31

The skeleton gives us our general shape such as height and build. Tall people have long leg bones and large vertebrae

Question 32

What is the type of muscle contraction where the muscle changes length?

Answer 32

Isotonic

Question 33

Type of muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens:

Answer 33

Eccentric - controls the speed of a movement

Question 34

Type of muscle contraction where the muscle shortens:

Answer 34

Concentric - involves muscle contracting and shortening to cause a movement

Question 35

What is meant by one cardiac cycle?

Answer 35

One phase of diastole and systole (one cycle of the heart filling up with blood and then pumping the blood out)

Question 36

Why do valves open and close in the heart?

Answer 36

They open due to blood pressure so that the blood can fill the heart chambers. Valves close to prevent back flow

Question 37

Describe the path the blood takes between the right atrium and the aorta

Answer 37

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the vena cava into the right atrium and then the right ventricle. Deoxygenated blood is then sent to the lungs through the pulmonary artery where gaseous exchange occurs and the blood becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood is then taken back to the heart by the pulmonary vein where it enters the left atrium, the left ventricle and then goes to the rest of the body through the aorta.

Question 38

Give one advantage of capillaries being very narrow

Answer 38

It means lots of them can fit into the body’s tissues, which gives them a large surface area to let gas exchange happen more easily.
It also causes blood to flow through them slowly, so blood has a longer time to exchange gases with the body’s tissues

Question 39

Describe how air is exhaled from the lungs?

Answer 39

The diaphragm relaxes back into it’s dome shape and the intercostal muscles relax causing the rib cage to drop down and inwards. This causes the volume of the chest to decrease and the pressure to increase meaning air is forced out of the lungs.

Question 40

Give three key features of alveoli that make exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs more efficient

Answer 40

• large surface area
• thin moist walls
• large blood supply as are surrounded by lots of capillaries

Question 41

Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs

Answer 41

Both of them move from a high concentration to a lot concentration.
Oxygen moves from a high concentration in the lungs (alveoli) to a low concentration in the capillaries
Carbon dioxide moved from a high concentration in the capillaries to a low concentration in the lungs (alveoli)