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Chemistry > Key Terms Unit 2 > Flashcards

Key Terms Unit 2 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Exothermic Reaction

A

Is one that releases energy to the surroundings, there is a temperature rise and ΔH is negative

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2
Q

Endothermic Reaction

A

Is on that takes in energy from the surroundings, there is a temperature drop and ΔH is positive

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3
Q

Enthalpy, H

A

Is the heat content of a system at constant pressure

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4
Q

Enthalpy Change

A

Is the heat content of a system at constant pressure

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5
Q

Principle of Conservation of Energy

A

States that energy cannot be created or destroyed only changed from one form into another

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6
Q

Hess’s law

A

States that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken from the reactants to the products

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7
Q

Bond Enthalpy

A

Is the enthalpy required to break a covalent X - Y bond into X atoms and Y atoms, all in the gas phase

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8
Q

Average Bond Enthalpy

A

Is the enthalpy required to break a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species

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9
Q

Rate of Reaction

A

Is the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time

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10
Q

Activation Energy

A

Is the minimum energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds

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11
Q

Catalyst

A

Is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process. It increases the rate of reaction by providing an alternative route of lower activation energy

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12
Q

Homogenous Catalyst

A

Is in the same physical state as the reactants

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13
Q

Heterogenous Catalyst

A

Is in a different physical state from the reactants

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14
Q

Carbon Neutrality

A

Means that a chemical process such as fuel combustion does not lead to an increase in CO2 levels. Although the combustion does produce CO2 this is offset by the fact that the fuel has absorbed the same amount of CO2 in being made by photosynthesis

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15
Q

Functional Group

A

Refers to the atom/group of atoms that gives the compound its characteristic properties

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16
Q

Homologous Series

A

Is a series of compounds with the same functional group

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17
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Is a compound of carbon and hydrogen only

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18
Q

Saturated Compound

A

Is one in which all the C to C bonds are single bonds

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19
Q

Unsaturated Compound

A

Contains C to C multiple bonds

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20
Q

Molecule Formula

A

Shows the atoms, and how many of each type there are, in a molecule of a compound

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21
Q

Displayed Formula

A

Shows all the bonds and atoms in the molecule

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22
Q

Shortened Formula

A

Shows the groups in sufficient detail that the structure is unambiguous

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23
Q

Skeletal Formula

A

Shows the carbon/hydrogen backbone of the molecule as a series of bonds with any functional group attached

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24
Q

The Empirical Formula

A

Is the formula of a compound with the atoms of the elements in their simplest integer ratio

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25
Structural Isomers
Are compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae
26
Van Der Waals Forces
Are dipole-dipole or temporary dipole-temporary dipole interactions between atoms and molecules
27
Fossil Fuel
Is one that is derived from organisms that lived long ago
28
Non-Renewable Resources
Are those that cannot be reformed in a reasonable timescale
29
Greenhouse Gas
Is on that causes an increase in the earth's temperature
30
σ bond
Is made by end to end overlap of s or p-orbitals
31
Complete Combustion
Is combustion that occurs with excess oxygen
32
Incomplete Combustion
Is combustion that occurs with insufficient oxygen
33
Halogenation
Is a reaction with any halogen
34
Initiation
Is the reaction that starts the process. A molecule is turned into two radicals
35
Homolytic Bond Fission
Is when a bond is broken and each of the bonded atoms receives one of the bond electrons
36
Radical
Is a species with an unpaired electron
37
Propagation
Is the reaction by which the process continues/grows. A molecule reacts with a radical to make a new molecule and a new radical
38
Chain Reaction
Is one that involves a series of steps and, once started, continues
39
Termination
Is the reaction that ends the process. Two radicals react to make a molecule.
40
Reaction Mechanism
Shows the stages by which a reaction proceeds
41
Substitution Reaction
Is one in which one atom/group is replaced by another atom/group
42
π bond
Is one formed by the sideways overlap of p-orbitals
43
E-Z Isomerism
Is isomerism that occurs in alkenes(and substituted alkenes) due to restricted rotation about the double bond
44
Electrophile
Is an electron-deficient species that can accept a lone pair of electrons
45
Heterolytic Bond Fission
Is when a bond is broken and one of the bonded atoms receives both electrons from the covalent bond. Ions are formed
46
Addition Reaction
Is a reaction in which reagents combine to give only one product
47
Carbocation
Is an ion with a positively charged carbon atom
48
Polymerisation
is the joining of a very large number of monomer molecules to make a long chain polymer molecule
49
Monomer
Is a small molecule that can be made in a polymer
50
Repeat Unit
Is the section of the polymer that is repeated to make the whole structure
51
Halogenoalkane
Is an alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a halogen
52
Nucleophile
Is a species with a lone pair of electrons that can be donated to an electron- deficient species
53
Eleminiation Reaction
Is one that involves the loss of a small molecule to produce a double bond
54
CFC's
Are halogenoalkanes containing both chlorine and fluorine
55
Ozone Layer
Is a layer surrounding earth that contains O3 molecules
56
HFC's
Halogenoalkanes containing fluorine as the only halogen
57
Alcohol
Is a homologous series containing - OH as the functional group
58
Fermentation
Is an enzyme-catalysed reaction that converts sugars into ethanol
59
Biofuel
Is a fuel that has been produced using a biological source
60
Carbon Neutral
Is a process where there is non net transfer of carbon dioxide to or from the atmosphere
61
Classification of Alcohols
Into primary, secondary or tertiary according to their structures
62
Aldehyde
Is a homologous series containing -CHO as the functional group
63
Carboxylic Acid
Is a homologous series containing -COOH as the functional group
64
Ketone
Is a homologous series containing a C=O group within a carbon chain
65
Characteristic Absorption
Is the wavenumber range at which a particular bond absorbs radiation
66
Wavenumber
Is a measure of energy absorbed, is used in IR spectra
67
Chemical Shift
Indicates the position for a specific environment on the NMR spectrum
68
Environment
Is the nature of the surrounding atoms/groups in a molecule

Chemistry (17 decks)

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