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High Yield Rapid Review > key associations > Flashcards

key associations Flashcards

1
Q

actinic (solar) keratosis

A

precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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3
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)

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4
Q

alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

skip lesions (crohn disease)

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5
Q

aortic aneurysm, abdominal

A

atherosclerosis

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6
Q

aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch

A

tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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7
Q

aortic aneurysm, thoracic

A

marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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8
Q

aortic dissection

A

hypertension

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9
Q

atrophy of mammillary bodies

A

wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H.pylori

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12
Q

bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

s. pneumoniae

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13
Q

bacterial meningitis

A

group B streptococcus/E.colo (newborns);

S.pneumoniae/N.meningitidis (kids/teens)

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14
Q

bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)

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15
Q

bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

bernard-soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von willebrand factor)

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16
Q

brain tumors (adults)

A

supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma

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17
Q

brain tumor (kids)

A

infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

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18
Q

breast cancer

A

invasive ductal carcinoma

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19
Q

breast mass

A

fibrocycstic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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20
Q

cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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21
Q

cardiac manifestations of lupus

A

marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)

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22
Q

cardiac tumor (adult)

A

metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball and valve”)

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23
Q

cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

chiari II malformations

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24
Q

chronic arrhythmia

A

atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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25
Q

chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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26
Q

clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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27
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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28
Q

congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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29
Q

congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

dubin-johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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30
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)

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31
Q

coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD>RCA>cicumflex

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32
Q

cretinism

A

iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism

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33
Q

cushing syndrome

A

1) Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy); 2) adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol); 3) ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (cushing disease); 4) paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

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34
Q

cyanosis (early; less common)

A

tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriousus

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35
Q

cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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36
Q

death in CML

A

blast crisis

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37
Q

death in SLE

A

lupus nephropathy

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38
Q

dementia

A

alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

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39
Q

demyelinating disease in young women

A

multiple sclerosis

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40
Q

DIC

A

severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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41
Q

dietary deficit

A

Iron

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42
Q

diverticulum in pharynx

A

zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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43
Q

ejection click

A

aortic stenosis

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44
Q

esophageal cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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45
Q

food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

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46
Q

glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

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47
Q

gynecologic malignancy

A

endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

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48
Q

heart murmur, congenital

A

mitral valve prolapse

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49
Q

heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

mitral>aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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50
Q

helminth infection (u.s.)

A

enterobius vermicularis, ascaris lumbricoides

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51
Q

hematoma- epidural

A

rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

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52
Q

hematoma - subdural

A

rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

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53
Q

hemochromatosis

A

multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes”, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

54
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C with alcoholism)

55
Q

hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von willebrand disease

56
Q

hereditary harmless jaundice

A

gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

57
Q

HLA-B27

A

ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis

58
Q

HLA-DR3

A

diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, graves disease, hashimoto thyroiditis

59
Q

HLA-DR4

A

diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis

60
Q

holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

61
Q

hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)

62
Q

hypertension, secondary

A

renal disease

63
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

accidental excision during throidectomy

64
Q

hypopituitarism

A

pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

65
Q

infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

hepatitis C

66
Q

infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S. aureaus, E.coli, aspergillus (catalase positive)

67
Q

intellectual disability

A

down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

68
Q

kidney stones

A

1) calcium = radiopaque; 2) struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease positive organisms such as klebsiella, proteus species, and s. saprophyticus); 3) uric acid radiolucent

69
Q

late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

70
Q

liver disease

A

alcoholic cirrhosis

71
Q

lysosomal storage disease

A

gaucher disease

72
Q

male cancer

A

prostatic carcinoma

73
Q

malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

hodgkin lymphoma

74
Q

malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

75
Q

metastases to bone

A

prostate, breast > lung > thyroid

76
Q

metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI

77
Q

metastases to liver

A

colon» stomach, pancrease

78
Q

mitochondial inheritance

A

disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

79
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

rheumatic heart disease

80
Q

mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

81
Q

myocarditis

A

coxsackie B

82
Q

nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

83
Q

nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

minimal change disease

84
Q

neuron migration failure

A

kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

85
Q

nosocomial pneumonia

A

s. aureus, pseudomonas, other enteric gram-negative rods

86
Q

obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

87
Q

opening snape

A

mitral stenosis

88
Q

opportunistic infection in AIDs

A

pneumocystis jirovecci pneumonia

89
Q

osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus (most common overall)

90
Q

osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

salmonella

91
Q

osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

pseudomonas, candida, s.aureas

92
Q

ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

serous cystadenoma

93
Q

ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

serious cystadenocarcinoma

94
Q

pancreatitis (acute)

A

gallstones, alcohol

95
Q

pancreatitis chronic

A

alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

96
Q

patient with ALL /CLL /AML / CML

A

ALL: child; CLL: adult >60; AML: adult ~ 65; CML: adult 45-85

97
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

c. trachomatis, n.gonorrhoeae

98
Q

philadelphia chromosome t(9:22) (BCR-ABL)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

99
Q

pituitary tumor

A

prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma

100
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

turner syndrome (45,XO)

101
Q

primary bone tumor (adults)

A

multiple myeloma

102
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism

A

adenoma of adrenal cortex

103
Q

primary liver cancer

A

hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosi, hemochromatosis, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, wilson disease)

104
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

105
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

106
Q

recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels

A

buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

107
Q

renal tumor

A

renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)

108
Q

right heart failure due to pulmonary cause

A

cor pulmonale

109
Q

S3 heart sound

A

increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g. mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles

110
Q

s4 heart sound

A

stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

111
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

112
Q

sexually transmitted disease

A

c. trachomatis (usually coninfected with N. gonorrhoeae)

113
Q

SIADH

A

small cell carcinoma of the lung

114
Q

site of diverticula

A

sigmoid colon

115
Q

sites of atherosclerosis

A

abdominal aorta>coronary artery> popliteal artery> caritod artery

116
Q

stomach cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

117
Q

stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

zollinger-ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancrease)

118
Q

t(14:18)

A

follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti apoptotic oncogene)

119
Q

t(8:14)

A

burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)

120
Q

t(9:22)

A

philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)

121
Q

temporal arteritis

A

risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

122
Q

testicular tumor

A

seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)

123
Q

thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma most common

124
Q

tumor in women

A

leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

125
Q

tumor of infancy

A

strawberry hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

126
Q

tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)

A

neuroblastoma (malignant)

127
Q

type of hodgkin lymphoma

A

nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic dependence)

128
Q

type of non-hodkin lymphoma

A

diffuse large b-cell lymphoma

129
Q

UTI

A

e.coli, staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

130
Q

vertebral compression fracture

A

osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)

131
Q

viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

132
Q

vitamin deficiency U.S.

A

folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevent neural tube defects

High Yield Rapid Review (17 decks)

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