key associations Flashcards
1
Q
actinic (solar) keratosis
A
precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
3
Q
acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
4
Q
alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
skip lesions (crohn disease)
5
Q
aortic aneurysm, abdominal
A
atherosclerosis
6
Q
aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
A
tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
7
Q
aortic aneurysm, thoracic
A
marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
8
Q
aortic dissection
A
hypertension
9
Q
atrophy of mammillary bodies
A
wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
10
Q
autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
11
Q
bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
A
H.pylori
12
Q
bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
s. pneumoniae
13
Q
bacterial meningitis
A
group B streptococcus/E.colo (newborns);
S.pneumoniae/N.meningitidis (kids/teens)
14
Q
bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
A
krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
15
Q
bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
bernard-soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von willebrand factor)
16
Q
brain tumors (adults)
A
supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
17
Q
brain tumor (kids)
A
infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
18
Q
breast cancer
A
invasive ductal carcinoma
19
Q
breast mass
A
fibrocycstic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
20
Q
cardiac primary tumor (kids)
A
rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
21
Q
cardiac manifestations of lupus
A
marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
22
Q
cardiac tumor (adult)
A
metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball and valve”)
23
Q
cerebellar tonsillar herniation
A
chiari II malformations
24
Q
chronic arrhythmia
A
atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
25
chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
26
clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
27
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
28
congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
29
congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
dubin-johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
30
constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
31
coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD>RCA>cicumflex
32
cretinism
iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
33
cushing syndrome
1) Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy); 2) adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol); 3) ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (cushing disease); 4) paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
34
cyanosis (early; less common)
tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriousus
35
cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
36
death in CML
blast crisis
37
death in SLE
lupus nephropathy
38
dementia
alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
39
demyelinating disease in young women
multiple sclerosis
40
DIC
severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
41
dietary deficit
Iron
42
diverticulum in pharynx
zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
43
ejection click
aortic stenosis
44
esophageal cancer
squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
45
food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
46
glomerulonephritis (adults)
berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
47
gynecologic malignancy
endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
48
heart murmur, congenital
mitral valve prolapse
49
heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
mitral>aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
50
helminth infection (u.s.)
enterobius vermicularis, ascaris lumbricoides
51
hematoma- epidural
rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
52
hematoma - subdural
rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
53
hemochromatosis
multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, "bronze diabetes", and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
54
hepatocellular carcinoma
cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C with alcoholism)
55
hereditary bleeding disorder
von willebrand disease
56
hereditary harmless jaundice
gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
57
HLA-B27
ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
58
HLA-DR3
diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, graves disease, hashimoto thyroiditis
59
HLA-DR4
diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis
60
holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
61
hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)
62
hypertension, secondary
renal disease
63
hypoparathyroidism
accidental excision during throidectomy
64
hypopituitarism
pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
65
infection secondary to blood transfusion
hepatitis C
66
infections in chronic granulomatous disease
S. aureaus, E.coli, aspergillus (catalase positive)
67
intellectual disability
down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
68
kidney stones
1) calcium = radiopaque; 2) struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease positive organisms such as klebsiella, proteus species, and s. saprophyticus); 3) uric acid radiolucent
69
late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
70
liver disease
alcoholic cirrhosis
71
lysosomal storage disease
gaucher disease
72
male cancer
prostatic carcinoma
73
malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
hodgkin lymphoma
74
malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
75
metastases to bone
prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
76
metastases to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI
77
metastases to liver
colon>> stomach, pancrease
78
mitochondial inheritance
disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
79
mitral valve stenosis
rheumatic heart disease
80
mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
81
myocarditis
coxsackie B
82
nephrotic syndrome (adults)
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
83
nephrotic syndrome (kids)
minimal change disease
84
neuron migration failure
kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
85
nosocomial pneumonia
s. aureus, pseudomonas, other enteric gram-negative rods
86
obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
87
opening snape
mitral stenosis
88
opportunistic infection in AIDs
pneumocystis jirovecci pneumonia
89
osteomyelitis
S. aureus (most common overall)
90
osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
salmonella
91
osteomyelitis with IV drug use
pseudomonas, candida, s.aureas
92
ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
serous cystadenoma
93
ovarian tumor (malignant)
serious cystadenocarcinoma
94
pancreatitis (acute)
gallstones, alcohol
95
pancreatitis chronic
alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
96
patient with ALL /CLL /AML / CML
ALL: child; CLL: adult >60; AML: adult ~ 65; CML: adult 45-85
97
pelvic inflammatory disease
c. trachomatis, n.gonorrhoeae
98
philadelphia chromosome t(9:22) (BCR-ABL)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
99
pituitary tumor
prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
100
primary amenorrhea
turner syndrome (45,XO)
101
primary bone tumor (adults)
multiple myeloma
102
primary hyperaldosteronism
adenoma of adrenal cortex
103
primary liver cancer
hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosi, hemochromatosis, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, wilson disease)
104
primary hyperparathyroidism
adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
105
pulmonary hypertension
COPD
106
recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels
buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
107
renal tumor
renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
108
right heart failure due to pulmonary cause
cor pulmonale
109
S3 heart sound
increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g. mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
110
s4 heart sound
stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
111
secondary hyperparathyroidism
hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
112
sexually transmitted disease
c. trachomatis (usually coninfected with N. gonorrhoeae)
113
SIADH
small cell carcinoma of the lung
114
site of diverticula
sigmoid colon
115
sites of atherosclerosis
abdominal aorta>coronary artery> popliteal artery> caritod artery
116
stomach cancer
adenocarcinoma
117
stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
zollinger-ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancrease)
118
t(14:18)
follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti apoptotic oncogene)
119
t(8:14)
burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
120
t(9:22)
philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)
121
temporal arteritis
risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
122
testicular tumor
seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
123
thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma most common
124
tumor in women
leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
125
tumor of infancy
strawberry hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
126
tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)
neuroblastoma (malignant)
127
type of hodgkin lymphoma
nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic dependence)
128
type of non-hodkin lymphoma
diffuse large b-cell lymphoma
129
UTI
e.coli, staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
130
vertebral compression fracture
osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
131
viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
132
vitamin deficiency U.S.
folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevent neural tube defects
