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High Yield Rapid Review > Classic labs/findings > Flashcards

Classic labs/findings Flashcards

1
Q

anticentromere antibodies

A

scleroderma (CREST)

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2
Q

anti-desmoglein (epithelial antibodies)

A

pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

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3
Q

anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

goodpasture syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

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4
Q

antihistone antibodies

A

drug-induced SLE (e.g., hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)

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5
Q

anti-IgG antibodies

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)

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6
Q

antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

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7
Q

antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

A

Microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (churg-strauss syndrome) (MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA);
granulomatosis with polyangiitis (wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA)

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8
Q

Antinucleur antibodies (ANAs: anti-smith and anti dsDNA)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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9
Q

antiplatelet antibodies

A

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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10
Q

anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

diffuse systemic scleroderma

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11
Q

anti-transflutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies

A

celiac disease (diarrhea, weight loss)

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12
Q

“apple core” lesion on barium enema x-ray

A

colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)

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13
Q

atypical lymphocytes

A

EBV

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14
Q

Azurophilic peroxidase positive granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts

A

Auer rods (AML, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)

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15
Q

bacitracin reponse

A

sensitive: S. pyogenes (group A); resistant: S.agalactiae (group B)

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16
Q

“bamboo spine” on x-ray

A

ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)

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17
Q

basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

howell-jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)

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18
Q

basophilic strippling of RBCs

A

lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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19
Q

bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

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20
Q

“Boot-shaped” heart on x-ray

A

tetralogy of fallot (due to RVH)

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21
Q

branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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22
Q

bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging

A

pancoast tumor (can compress cervical sympathetic chain and cause horner tumor)

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23
Q

“brown” tumor of bone

A

hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)

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24
Q

cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

chagas disease (trypanosoma cruzi)

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25
Q

cellular crescents in bowman capsule

A

rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

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26
Q

“chocolate cyst” of ovary

A

endometriosis (frequently involved both ovaries)

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27
Q

circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

A

homer-wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma)

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28
Q

colonies of mucoid pseudomonas in lungs

A

cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene –>fat soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

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29
Q

decrease AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities

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30
Q

degeneration of dorsal column fibers

A

tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal, spinocerebellar tracts affected)

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31
Q

“delta wave” on EKG, short PR interval, supraventricular tachycardia

A

wolf-parkinson-white syndrome (bundle of kent bypasses AV node)

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32
Q

depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra

A

parkinson disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

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33
Q

desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)

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34
Q

disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa cell tumor of the ovary)

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35
Q

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with “raisinoid” nuclei and hyperchromasia

A

Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)

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36
Q

Electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on EKG)

A

pericardial tamponade

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37
Q

enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“owl eye” appearance of CMV

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38
Q

enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei with central clearing

A

“orphan annie” eyes nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

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39
Q

eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

A

mallory body (alcoholic liver disease)

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40
Q

eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cells

A

lewy body (parkinson disease)

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41
Q

eosinophilic globule in liver

A

councilman body (viral hepatitis, yellow fever), represents hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis

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42
Q

eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebelar neurons

A

negri bodies of rabies

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43
Q

extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

senile plaques (alzheimer disease)

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44
Q

Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (“owl eye”)

A

Reed-sternberg cells (hodgkin lymphoma)

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45
Q

glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

schiller-duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

46
Q

“hair on end” (“crew cut”) appearance on x-ray

A

Beta-thalassemia, sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)

47
Q

hCG elevated

A

choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy)

48
Q

heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

49
Q

heterophile antibodies

A

infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

50
Q

hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

bronchial asthma (charcot-leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)

51
Q

high level of D-dimers

A

DVT, PE, DIC

52
Q

hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)

A

Ghon complex (primary TB: mycobacterium bacilli)

53
Q

“Honeycomb lung” on x-ray or CT

A

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

54
Q

hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)

A

trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)

55
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)

56
Q

Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)

57
Q

hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present)

58
Q

increased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects

59
Q

increased uric acid levels

A

Gout, lesch-nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics

60
Q

intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

A

cowdry type A bodies (HSV or VZV)

61
Q

iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma)

62
Q

keratin pearls on skin biopsy

A

squamous cell carcinoma

63
Q

large granules in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

chediak-higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)

64
Q

“lead pipe” appearance of colon on abdominal imaging

A

Ulcerative Colitis (loss of haustra)

65
Q

Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membranes

A

goodpasture syndrome

66
Q

low serum ceruloplasmin

A

wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

67
Q

“Lumpy bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (due to deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3)

68
Q

lytic (“punched out”) bone lesions on x-ray

A

multiple myeloma

69
Q

mammary gland (“blue domed”) cyst

A

fibrocystic change of the breast

70
Q

monoclonal antibody spike

A 
multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA);
monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS consequence of aging);
Waldenstrom (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia;
Primary amyloidosis
71
Q

mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

“signet ring” (gastric carcinoma)

72
Q

narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray

A

“String sign” (crohn disease)

73
Q

necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

granulomatosis with polyangiitis (wegener: PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA) and goodpasture syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)

74
Q

needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

gout (monosodium urate crystals)

75
Q

nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

kimmelstiel-wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

76
Q

novobiocin response

A

sensitive: S. epidermidis;
resistant: s. saprophyticus

77
Q

“nutmeg” appearance of liver

A

chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure or budd-chiari syndrome

78
Q

“onion skin” periosteal reaction

A

ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue cell tumor)

79
Q

optochin response

A

sensitive: s. pneumoniae;
resistant: viridans streptococci (s. mutans, S. sanguis)

80
Q

periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area

A

codman triangle on x-ray, ewing sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis

81
Q

podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy

A

minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

82
Q

polished, “ivory-like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosion

A

eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

83
Q

protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protien

A

neurofibrillary tangles (alzheimer disease) and pick bodies (pick disease)

84
Q

psammoma bodies

A

meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary

85
Q

pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

glioblastoma multiforme

86
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

glomerulonephritis

87
Q

rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals (leydig cell tumor)

88
Q

recurrent infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia

A

wiskott-aldrich syndrome

89
Q

renal epithelial casts in urine

A

intrinsic renal failure (e.g. ischemia or toxic injury)

90
Q

rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)

91
Q

rib notching

A

coarctation of the aorta

92
Q

ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS

A

toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma

93
Q

sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages (“starry sky” histology)

A

burkitt lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; “Starry sky” made up of malignant cells)

94
Q

silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A

pick bodies (pick disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)

95
Q

“soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray

A

giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

96
Q

“spikes” on basement membrane, “dome-like” subepithelial deposits

A

membranous nephropathy (nephrotic syndrome)

97
Q

stacks of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

98
Q

“Steeple” sign on CXR

A

croup (parainfluenza virus)

99
Q

strippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

“clue cells” (gardnerella vaginalis)

100
Q

streptococcus bovis bacteremia

A

colon cancer

101
Q

“tennis racket” - shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in langerhans cells

A

birbeck granules (langerhans cell histiocytosis)

102
Q

thousands of polyps on colonoscopy

A

familial adenomatous polyposis (autosomal dominant mutation of APC gene)

103
Q

thrombi made of white/red layers

A

lines of zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBC)

104
Q

“thumb sign” on lateral neck x-ray

A

epiglottitis (haemophilus influenzae)

105
Q

“tram-track” appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy

A

membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

106
Q

triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

107
Q

“waxy” casts with very low urine flow

A

chronic end-stage renal disease

108
Q

WBC casts in urine

A

acute pyelonephritis

109
Q

WBCs that look “smudged”

A

CLL (almost always B cell)

110
Q

“wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy

A

diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (usually seen with lupus)

111
Q

yellowish CSF

A

xanthochromia (e.g. due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)

High Yield Rapid Review (17 decks)

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