Karius- Neurotransmitter Systems Flashcards
where is Ach made?
midbrain, pons, striatum
What is Ach responsible for?
consciousness, REM, voluntary movement
who’s gonna kick neuro’s ass?
WE ARE
what limits Ach? where is it?
AchE (true); bound to post-synaptic membrane
what are the metabotropic receptors for Ach?
muscarinic M1-4
which muscarinic receptor is Gi? where is it located?
M2; heart
what is the neuronal mAchR?
M1
where is M3 found?
smooth m.
where is M4 found?
glands
which mAchRs are Gq? causes?
M1, 3, 4; increase IP3/Dag and increase Ca2+
which AchRs are ionotropic?
nicotinic receptors
iontropic receptors always have what structure? what happens if you change it?
5 subunits; change subtype, change behavior
where are nAchRs located?
NMJ, autonomic ganglia, CNS
what are the excitatory amino acids?
glutamate, aspartate, (and taurine)
what are the inhibitory amino acids?
GABA and glycine
what is GABA responsible for?
conciousness/awarenessd, voluntary motion (major inhibitory amino acid)
where is GABA located?
cortex, cerebellum, retina
how is GABA synthesized?
GAD (from glutamate)
what limits action of GABA?
reuptake and GABA transaminase
what is the metabotropic GABA receptor?
GABA-b
what is the ionotropic GABA receptor? what does it conduct? what does this lead to?
GABA-a, Cl- conductance, hyperpolarization
what is unique about GABAaR?
benzodiazepine site; extrasynaptically thought to involved in anesthetics
what is the structure of GABAbR?
heterodimer of Gq and Gi
what does activation of GABAbR lead to?
decrease AC, increase K efflux, decrease IP3/DAG, decrease Ca influx—-> hyperpolarization
where is glycine found?
spinal cord*, brainstem, forebrain (SC most important)
what is the fxn of glycine?
mediates spinal inhibitions
what kind of receptor is glycine receptor?
ionotropic
what kind of channel is Glycine receptor?
Cl- channel
what blocks glycine receptor?
strychnine
what are the peptide NTs?
opoids and endocannabinoids
what are opoids responsible for?
emotion and pleasure
where are opoids located?
basal ganglia, hypothalamus, parabrachial & raphe nuclei
what is the fxn of opoids?
modify nociceptive inputs and mood/affect
what are the 4 precursors for opoids?
proenkephalin, POMC (ACTH precursor), Prodynorphin, & Orphanin FQ (aka nociceptin)
how are opoids limited?
enzymatic, possibly after reuptake with Enkephalinase A&B and aminopeptidases
opoid receptors are what kind? lead to?
GPCR, Gi, decrease AC
what are the functions of mu opoid receptors?
analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, (also: sedation & constipation*)
what is mu used for in medicine besides pain control?
respiratory depression- end of life care
activation of kappa receptors lead to?
analgesia and dysphoria (also, diuresis & miosis)
activation of delta receptors causes?
analgesia
endocannabinoids have which 2 NTs? structure of each?
anandamide= AA+ ethanolamine 2-Arachidonylglycerol= AA esterified in middle of glycerol
where are endocannabinoids found?
hippocampus, basal ganglia, and spinal cord
what kind of receptor is CB1?
Gi
where is CB1 found? do?
presynaptic term of EAA and GABA synapses; decrease NT release
where is CB2 found?
in brain microglia
what has CB2 been implemented in?
immune system, gut, anti-inflammatory effects
AD: Macrophages remove B-amyloid protein
