Karius- Neurotransmitter Systems

Question 0

where is Ach made?

Answer 0

midbrain, pons, striatum

Question 1

What is Ach responsible for?

Answer 1

consciousness, REM, voluntary movement

Question 2

who’s gonna kick neuro’s ass?

Answer 2

WE ARE

Question 3

what limits Ach? where is it?

Answer 3

AchE (true); bound to post-synaptic membrane

Question 4

what are the metabotropic receptors for Ach?

Answer 4

muscarinic M1-4

Question 5

which muscarinic receptor is Gi? where is it located?

Answer 5

M2; heart

Question 6

what is the neuronal mAchR?

Answer 6

M1

Question 7

where is M3 found?

Answer 7

smooth m.

Question 8

where is M4 found?

Answer 8

glands

Question 9

which mAchRs are Gq? causes?

Answer 9

M1, 3, 4; increase IP3/Dag and increase Ca2+

Question 10

which AchRs are ionotropic?

Answer 10

nicotinic receptors

Question 11

iontropic receptors always have what structure? what happens if you change it?

Answer 11

5 subunits; change subtype, change behavior

Question 12

where are nAchRs located?

Answer 12

NMJ, autonomic ganglia, CNS

Question 13

what are the excitatory amino acids?

Answer 13

glutamate, aspartate, (and taurine)

Question 14

what are the inhibitory amino acids?

Answer 14

GABA and glycine

Question 15

what is GABA responsible for?

Answer 15

conciousness/awarenessd, voluntary motion (major inhibitory amino acid)

Question 16

where is GABA located?

Answer 16

cortex, cerebellum, retina

Question 17

how is GABA synthesized?

Answer 17

GAD (from glutamate)

Question 18

what limits action of GABA?

Answer 18

reuptake and GABA transaminase

Question 19

what is the metabotropic GABA receptor?

Answer 19

GABA-b

Question 20

what is the ionotropic GABA receptor? what does it conduct? what does this lead to?

Answer 20

GABA-a, Cl- conductance, hyperpolarization

Question 21

what is unique about GABAaR?

Answer 21

benzodiazepine site; extrasynaptically thought to involved in anesthetics

Question 22

what is the structure of GABAbR?

Answer 22

heterodimer of Gq and Gi

Question 23

what does activation of GABAbR lead to?

Answer 23

decrease AC, increase K efflux, decrease IP3/DAG, decrease Ca influx—-> hyperpolarization

Question 24

where is glycine found?

Answer 24

spinal cord*, brainstem, forebrain (SC most important)

Question 25

what is the fxn of glycine?

Answer 25

mediates spinal inhibitions

Question 26

what kind of receptor is glycine receptor?

Answer 26

ionotropic

Question 27

what kind of channel is Glycine receptor?

Answer 27

Cl- channel

Question 28

what blocks glycine receptor?

Answer 28

strychnine

Question 29

what are the peptide NTs?

Answer 29

opoids and endocannabinoids

Question 30

what are opoids responsible for?

Answer 30

emotion and pleasure

Question 31

where are opoids located?

Answer 31

basal ganglia, hypothalamus, parabrachial & raphe nuclei

Question 32

what is the fxn of opoids?

Answer 32

modify nociceptive inputs and mood/affect

Question 33

what are the 4 precursors for opoids?

Answer 33

proenkephalin, POMC (ACTH precursor), Prodynorphin, & Orphanin FQ (aka nociceptin)

Question 34

how are opoids limited?

Answer 34

enzymatic, possibly after reuptake with Enkephalinase A&B and aminopeptidases

Question 35

opoid receptors are what kind? lead to?

Answer 35

GPCR, Gi, decrease AC

Question 36

what are the functions of mu opoid receptors?

Answer 36

analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, (also: sedation & constipation*)

Question 37

what is mu used for in medicine besides pain control?

Answer 37

respiratory depression- end of life care

Question 38

activation of kappa receptors lead to?

Answer 38

analgesia and dysphoria (also, diuresis & miosis)

Question 39

activation of delta receptors causes?

Answer 39

analgesia

Question 41

endocannabinoids have which 2 NTs? structure of each?

Answer 41

``` anandamide= AA+ ethanolamine 2-Arachidonylglycerol= AA esterified in middle of glycerol ```

Question 42

where are endocannabinoids found?

Answer 42

hippocampus, basal ganglia, and spinal cord

Question 43

what kind of receptor is CB1?

Answer 43

Gi

Question 44

where is CB1 found? do?

Answer 44

presynaptic term of EAA and GABA synapses; decrease NT release

Question 45

where is CB2 found?

Answer 45

in brain microglia

Question 46

what has CB2 been implemented in?

Answer 46

immune system, gut, anti-inflammatory effects | AD: Macrophages remove B-amyloid protein