Kapitel 5 Flashcards
Set of rules by which the information contained in the nucleotide sequence of a gene and its corresponding RNA molecule is translated into the amino acid sequence in a protein.
genetic code
histone
One of a group of abundant highly conserved proteins around which DNA wraps to form nucleosomes - structures that represent the most fundamental level of chromatin packing.
complementary
Describes two molecular surfaces that fit together closely and form noncovalent bonds with each other. Examples include complementary base pairs - such as A and T - and the two complementary strands of a DNA molecule.
Describes two molecular surfaces that fit together closely and form noncovalent bonds with each other. Examples include complementary base pairs - such as A and T - and the two complementary strands of a DNA molecule.
complementary
replication origin
Nucleotide sequence at which DNA replication is initiated.
chromatin-remodeling complex
Enzyme (typically multisubunit) that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to alter the arrangement of nucleosomes in eukaryotic chromosomes - changing the accessibility of the underlying DNA to other proteins - including those involved in transcription.
gene
Unit of heredity containing the instructions that dictate the characteristics or phenotype of an organism; in molecular terms - a segment of DNA that directs the production of a protein or functional RNA molecule.
Unit of heredity containing the instructions that dictate the characteristics or phenotype of an organism; in molecular terms - a segment of DNA that directs the production of a protein or functional RNA molecule.
gene
Nucleotide sequence at which DNA replication is initiated.
replication origin
One of a group of abundant highly conserved proteins around which DNA wraps to form nucleosomes - structures that represent the most fundamental level of chromatin packing.
histone
double helix
The typical structure of a DNA molecule in which the two complementary polynucleotide strands are wound around each other with base-pairing between the strands.
gene expression
The process by which a gene makes a product that is useful to the cell or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule with a characteristic activity.
Highly condensed duplicated chromosome in which the two new chromosomes (also called sister chromatids) are still held together at the centromere. The structure chromosomes adopt during mitosis.
mitotic chromosome
centromere
Specialized DNA sequence that allows duplicated chromosomes to be separated during M phase; can be seen as the constricted region of a mitotic chromosome.
heterochromatin
Highly condensed region of an interphase chromosome; generally gene-poor and transcriptionally inactive. (See alsoeuchromatin.)
euchromatin
One of the two main states in which chromatin exists within an interphase cell. Prevalent in gene-rich areas - its less compact structure allows access for proteins involved in transcription. (See alsoheterochromatin.)
Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up the chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell.
chromatin
mitotic chromosome
Highly condensed duplicated chromosome in which the two new chromosomes (also called sister chromatids) are still held together at the centromere. The structure chromosomes adopt during mitosis.
State in which a eukaryotic chromosome exists when the cell is between divisions; more extended and transcriptionally active than mitotic chromosomes.
interphase chromosome
The orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two.
cell cycle
One of the two main states in which chromatin exists within an interphase cell. Prevalent in gene-rich areas - its less compact structure allows access for proteins involved in transcription. (See alsoheterochromatin.)
euchromatin
telomere
Repetitive nucleotide sequence that caps the ends of linear chromosomes. Counteracts the tendency of the chromosome otherwise to shorten with each round of replication.
Repetitive nucleotide sequence that caps the ends of linear chromosomes. Counteracts the tendency of the chromosome otherwise to shorten with each round of replication.
telomere
An ordered display of the full set of chromosomes of a cell arranged with respect to size - shape - and number.
karyotype
base pair
Two complementary nucleotides in an RNA or a DNA molecule that are held together by hydrogen bonds—for example - G with C - and A with T or U.
Large structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and ribosomal subunits are assembled.
nucleolus
Enzyme (typically multisubunit) that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to alter the arrangement of nucleosomes in eukaryotic chromosomes - changing the accessibility of the underlying DNA to other proteins - including those involved in transcription.
chromatin-remodeling complex
cell cycle
The orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two.
histone deacetylase
Enzyme that removes acetyl groups from lysines present in histones; its action often allows chromatin to pack more tightly.
The process by which a gene makes a product that is useful to the cell or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule with a characteristic activity.
gene expression
interphase chromosome
State in which a eukaryotic chromosome exists when the cell is between divisions; more extended and transcriptionally active than mitotic chromosomes.
nucleosome
Beadlike structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins; includes a nucleosomal core particle (DNA plus histone protein) along with a segment of linker DNA that ties the core particles together.
chromatin
Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up the chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell.
heredity
The genetic transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
Highly condensed region of an interphase chromosome; generally gene-poor and transcriptionally inactive. (See alsoeuchromatin.)
heterochromatin
Beadlike structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins; includes a nucleosomal core particle (DNA plus histone protein) along with a segment of linker DNA that ties the core particles together.
nucleosome
The genetic transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
heredity
genetic code
Set of rules by which the information contained in the nucleotide sequence of a gene and its corresponding RNA molecule is translated into the amino acid sequence in a protein.
nucleolus
Large structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and ribosomal subunits are assembled.
Enzyme that removes acetyl groups from lysines present in histones; its action often allows chromatin to pack more tightly.
histone deacetylase
karyotype
An ordered display of the full set of chromosomes of a cell arranged with respect to size - shape - and number.
Two complementary nucleotides in an RNA or a DNA molecule that are held together by hydrogen bonds—for example - G with C - and A with T or U.
base pair
Specialized DNA sequence that allows duplicated chromosomes to be separated during M phase; can be seen as the constricted region of a mitotic chromosome.
centromere
The typical structure of a DNA molecule in which the two complementary polynucleotide strands are wound around each other with base-pairing between the strands.
double helix
