Kapitel 10

Question 1

Collection of DNA fragments synthesized using all of the mRNAs present in a particular type of cell as a template.

Answer 1

cDNA library

Question 2

DNA molecule synthesized from an mRNA molecule and therefore lacking the introns that are present in genomic DNA.

Answer 2

complementary DNA (cDNA)

Question 3

The standard method of determining the nucleotide sequence of DNA; utilizes DNA polymerase and a set of chain-terminating nucleotides.

Answer 3

dideoxy sequencing or Sanger sequencing

Question 4

Production of many identical copies of a DNA sequence.

Answer 4

DNA cloning

Question 5

Collection of cloned DNA molecules - representing either an entire genome (genomic library) or copies of the mRNA produced by a cell (cDNA library).

Answer 5

DNA library

Question 6

A surface on which a large number of short DNA molecules (typically in the tens of thousands) have been immobilized in an orderly pattern. Each of these DNA fragments acts as a probe for a specific gene - allowing the activities of thousands of genes to be monitored at the same time.

Answer 6

DNA microarray

Question 7

A genetically engineered animal in which a specific gene has been inactivated.

Answer 7

gene knockout

Question 8

Collection of cloned DNA molecules that represents the entire genome of a cell.

Answer 8

genomic DNA library

Question 9

Fluorescent protein - isolated from a jellyfish - that is used experimentally as a marker for monitoring the location and movement of proteins in living cells.

Answer 9

green fluorescent protein (GFP)

Question 10

Experimental technique in which two complementary nucleic acid strands come together and form hydrogen bonds to produce a double helix; used to detect specific nucleotide sequences in either DNA or RNA.

Answer 10

hybridization

Question 11

Technique in which a single-stranded RNA or DNA probe is used to locate a complementary nucleotide sequence in a chromosome - cell - or tissue; used to diagnose genetic disorders or to track gene expression.

Answer 11

in situ hybridization

Question 12

Small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the genome. Used extensively as a vector for DNA cloning.

Answer 12

plasmid

Question 13

Technique for amplifying selected regions of DNA by multiple cycles of DNA synthesis; can produce billions of copies of a given sequence in a matter of hours.

Answer 13

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 14

A DNA molecule that is composed of DNA sequences from different sources.

Answer 14

recombinant DNA molecule

Question 15

The collection of techniques by which DNA segments from different sources are combined to make new DNA. Recombinant DNAs are widely used in the cloning of genes - in the genetic modification of organisms - and in molecular biology generally.

Answer 15

recombinant DNA technology

Question 16

Enzyme that can cleave a DNA molecule at a specific - short sequence of nucleotides. Extensively used in recombinant DNA technology.

Answer 16

restriction nuclease

Question 17

Sequencing technique used to determine directly the nucleotide sequence of a collection of RNAs.

Answer 17

RNA-Seq

Question 18

Process by which cells take up DNA molecules from their surroundings and then express genes on that DNA.

Answer 18

transformation

Question 19

A plant or animal that has stably incorporated into its genome one or more genes derived from another cell or organism.

Answer 19

transgenic organism

Question 20

Technique that substitutes a mutant form of a gene for its normal counterpart to investigate the gene’s function.

Answer 20

gene replacement

Question 21

See recombinant DNA technology

Answer 21

genetic engineering

Question 22

Genetically engineered mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated - for example - by introducing a deletion in its DNA.

Answer 22

knockout mouse

Question 23

DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to carry a fragment of DNA into a recipient cell for the purpose of gene cloning; examples include plasmids - engineered viruses - and artificial chromosomes.

Answer 23

vector

Question 24

Typical non-mutant form of a species - gene - or characteristic as it occurs in nature.

Answer 24

wild type