Kapitel 1 Flashcards
Contents of the main compartment of the cytoplasm, excluding membrane-enclosed organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The cell fraction remaining after membranes, cytoskeletal components, and other organelles have been removed.
cytosol
Major category of living cells distinguished by the absence of a nucleus. Prokaryotes include the archaea and the eubacteria (commonly called bacteria).
prokaryote
In biology, refers to the prominent, rounded structure that contains the DNA of a eukaryotic cell. In chemistry, refers to the dense, positively charged center of an atom.
nucleus
ribosome
Large macromolecular complex, composed of ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins, that translates messenger RNA into protein.
Any photograph or digital image taken through a microscope. Can be a light micrograph or an electron micrograph, depending on the type of microscope used.
micrograph
cytoplasm
Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane but, in the case of eukaryotic cells, contained outside the nucleus.
micrograph
Any photograph or digital image taken through a microscope. Can be a light micrograph or an electron micrograph, depending on the type of microscope used.
Large macromolecular complex, composed of ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins, that translates messenger RNA into protein.
ribosome
milli
In the metric system, prefix denoting 10-3.
Membrane-enclosed organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells.
mitochondrion (plural mitochondria)
nanometer
Unit of length that represents 10-9 (one billionth of a) meter; commonly used to measure molecules and organelles.
The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
photosynthesis
membrane-enclosed organelle
Any organelle in a eukaryotic cell that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer, for example, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome.
cell
The basic unit from which a living organism is made; consists of an aqueous solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane.
bacteria
One of the two divisions of prokaryotes; some species cause disease. The term is sometimes used to refer to any prokaryotic microorganism, although the world of prokaryotes also includes archaea, which are only distantly related. (See alsoarchaea.)
Unit of length that represents 10-9 (one billionth of a) meter; commonly used to measure molecules and organelles.
nanometer
Polymer built from amino acids that provides cells with their shape and structure and performs most of their activities.
protein
Unit of length equal to one millionth (10–6) of a meter or 10–4 centimeter.
micrometer
A discrete structure or subcompartment of a eukaryotic cell that is specialized to carry out a particular function. Examples include mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus.
organelle
microscope
Instrument for viewing extremely small objects. A light microscope utilizes a focused beam of visible light and is used to examine cells and organelles. An electron microscope utilizes a beam of electrons and can be used to examine objects as small as individual molecules.
prokaryote
Major category of living cells distinguished by the absence of a nucleus. Prokaryotes include the archaea and the eubacteria (commonly called bacteria).
Thin sheet of lipid molecules and associated proteins that encloses all cells and forms the boundaries of many eukaryotic organelles.
membrane
Process of gradual modification and adaptation that occurs in living organisms over generations.
evolution
model organism
A living thing selected for intensive study as a representative of a large group of species. Examples include the mouse (representing mammals), the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (representing a unicellular eukaryote), and Escherichia coli (representing bacteria).
archaea
One of the two divisions of prokaryotes, often found in hostile environments such as hot springs or concentrated brine. ( See also bacteria.)
evolution
Process of gradual modification and adaptation that occurs in living organisms over generations.
plasma membrane
The protein-containing lipid bilayer that surrounds a living cell.
fluorescence microscope
Instrument used to visualize a specimen that has been labeled with a fluorescent dye; samples are illuminated with a wavelength of light that excites the dye, causing it to fluoresce.
micrometer
Unit of length equal to one millionth (10–6) of a meter or 10–4 centimeter.
protein
Polymer built from amino acids that provides cells with their shape and structure and performs most of their activities.
yeast
Common term for several families of eukaryotic unicellular fungi used as model organisms. Includes species used for brewing beer and making bread, as well as species that cause disease.
membrane-enclosed organelle
Any organelle in the eukaryotic cell that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer; for example, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome.
Instrument used to visualize a specimen that has been labeled with a fluorescent dye; samples are illuminated with a wavelength of light that excites the dye, causing it to fluoresce.
fluorescence microscope
micro
In the metric system, prefix denoting 10-6.
One of the two divisions of prokaryotes, often found in hostile environments such as hot springs or concentrated brine. ( See also bacteria.)
archaea
Any organelle in a eukaryotic cell that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer, for example, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome.
membrane-enclosed organelle
Rodlike bacterium normally found in the colon of humans and other mammals and widely used in biomedical research.
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
The protein-containing lipid bilayer that surrounds a living cell.
plasma membrane
electron microscope
Instrument that illuminates a specimen using beams of electrons to reveal and magnify the structures of very small objects, such as organelles and large molecules.
cytosol
Contents of the main compartment of the cytoplasm, excluding membrane-enclosed organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The cell fraction remaining after membranes, cytoskeletal components, and other organelles have been removed.
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Rodlike bacterium normally found in the colon of humans and other mammals and widely used in biomedical research.
Common term for several families of eukaryotic unicellular fungi used as model organisms. Includes species used for brewing beer and making bread, as well as species that cause disease.
yeast
An organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm.
eukaryote
Instrument that illuminates a specimen using beams of electrons to reveal and magnify the structures of very small objects, such as organelles and large molecules.
electron microscope
eukaryote
An organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm.
Instrument for viewing extremely small objects. A light microscope utilizes a focused beam of visible light and is used to examine cells and organelles. An electron microscope utilizes a beam of electrons and can be used to examine objects as small as individual molecules.
microscope
Any organelle in the eukaryotic cell that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer; for example, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome.
membrane-enclosed organelle
cytoskeleton
System of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell shape and the capacity for directed movement. Its most abundant components are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
membrane
Thin sheet of lipid molecules and associated proteins that encloses all cells and forms the boundaries of many eukaryotic organelles.
The total genetic information carried by all the chromosomes of a cell or organism.
genome
organelle
A discrete structure or subcompartment of a eukaryotic cell that is specialized to carry out a particular function. Examples include mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus.
chromosome
Long, threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism; becomes visible as a distinct entity when a plant or animal cell prepares to divide.
Describes genes, chromosomes, or any structures that are similar because of their common evolutionary origin. Can also refer to similarities between protein sequences or nucleic acid sequences.
homologous
The proper term for the bacteria of common occurrence, used to distinguish them from archaea.
eubacteria
Long, threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism; becomes visible as a distinct entity when a plant or animal cell prepares to divide.
chromosome
System of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell shape and the capacity for directed movement. Its most abundant components are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
cytoskeleton
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Molecule produced by the transcription of DNA; usually single-stranded, it is a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits. Serves a variety of structural, catalytic, and regulatory functions in cells.
Molecule produced by the transcription of DNA; usually single-stranded, it is a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits. Serves a variety of structural, catalytic, and regulatory functions in cells.
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
protozoan (plural protozoa)
A free-living, nonphotosynthetic, single-celled, motile eukaryote.
Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units. It serves as the cell’s store of genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
A living thing selected for intensive study as a representative of a large group of species. Examples include the mouse (representing mammals), the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (representing a unicellular eukaryote), and Escherichia coli (representing bacteria).
model organism
mitochondrion (plural mitochondria)
Membrane-enclosed organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units. It serves as the cell’s store of genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation.
The basic unit from which a living organism is made; consists of an aqueous solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane.
cell
Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane but, in the case of eukaryotic cells, contained outside the nucleus.
cytoplasm
In the metric system, prefix denoting 10-3.
milli
photosynthesis
The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
homologous
Describes genes, chromosomes, or any structures that are similar because of their common evolutionary origin. Can also refer to similarities between protein sequences or nucleic acid sequences.
genome
The total genetic information carried by all the chromosomes of a cell or organism.
One of the two divisions of prokaryotes; some species cause disease. The term is sometimes used to refer to any prokaryotic microorganism, although the world of prokaryotes also includes archaea, which are only distantly related. (See alsoarchaea.)
bacteria
nucleus
In biology, refers to the prominent, rounded structure that contains the DNA of a eukaryotic cell. In chemistry, refers to the dense, positively charged center of an atom.
In the metric system, prefix denoting 10-6.
micro
A free-living, nonphotosynthetic, single-celled, motile eukaryote.
protozoan (plural protozoa)
eubacteria
The proper term for the bacteria of common occurrence, used to distinguish them from archaea.
