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Essential Cell Biology > Kapitel 1 > Flashcards

Kapitel 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Contents of the main compartment of the cytoplasm, excluding membrane-enclosed organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The cell fraction remaining after membranes, cytoskeletal components, and other organelles have been removed.

A

cytosol

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2
Q

Major category of living cells distinguished by the absence of a nucleus. Prokaryotes include the archaea and the eubacteria (commonly called bacteria).

A

prokaryote

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3
Q

In biology, refers to the prominent, rounded structure that contains the DNA of a eukaryotic cell. In chemistry, refers to the dense, positively charged center of an atom.

A

nucleus

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4
Q

ribosome

A

Large macromolecular complex, composed of ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins, that translates messenger RNA into protein.

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5
Q

Any photograph or digital image taken through a microscope. Can be a light micrograph or an electron micrograph, depending on the type of microscope used.

A

micrograph

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6
Q

cytoplasm

A

Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane but, in the case of eukaryotic cells, contained outside the nucleus.

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7
Q

micrograph

A

Any photograph or digital image taken through a microscope. Can be a light micrograph or an electron micrograph, depending on the type of microscope used.

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8
Q

Large macromolecular complex, composed of ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins, that translates messenger RNA into protein.

A

ribosome

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9
Q

milli

A

In the metric system, prefix denoting 10-3.

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10
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells.

A

mitochondrion (plural mitochondria)

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11
Q

nanometer

A

Unit of length that represents 10-9 (one billionth of a) meter; commonly used to measure molecules and organelles.

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12
Q

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

A

photosynthesis

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13
Q

membrane-enclosed organelle

A

Any organelle in a eukaryotic cell that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer, for example, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome.

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14
Q

cell

A

The basic unit from which a living organism is made; consists of an aqueous solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane.

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15
Q

bacteria

A

One of the two divisions of prokaryotes; some species cause disease. The term is sometimes used to refer to any prokaryotic microorganism, although the world of prokaryotes also includes archaea, which are only distantly related. (See alsoarchaea.)

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16
Q

Unit of length that represents 10-9 (one billionth of a) meter; commonly used to measure molecules and organelles.

A

nanometer

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17
Q

Polymer built from amino acids that provides cells with their shape and structure and performs most of their activities.

A

protein

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18
Q

Unit of length equal to one millionth (10–6) of a meter or 10–4 centimeter.

A

micrometer

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19
Q

A discrete structure or subcompartment of a eukaryotic cell that is specialized to carry out a particular function. Examples include mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus.

A

organelle

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20
Q

microscope

A

Instrument for viewing extremely small objects. A light microscope utilizes a focused beam of visible light and is used to examine cells and organelles. An electron microscope utilizes a beam of electrons and can be used to examine objects as small as individual molecules.

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21
Q

prokaryote

A

Major category of living cells distinguished by the absence of a nucleus. Prokaryotes include the archaea and the eubacteria (commonly called bacteria).

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22
Q

Thin sheet of lipid molecules and associated proteins that encloses all cells and forms the boundaries of many eukaryotic organelles.

A

membrane

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23
Q

Process of gradual modification and adaptation that occurs in living organisms over generations.

A

evolution

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24
Q

model organism

A

A living thing selected for intensive study as a representative of a large group of species. Examples include the mouse (representing mammals), the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (representing a unicellular eukaryote), and Escherichia coli (representing bacteria).

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25
Q

archaea

A

One of the two divisions of prokaryotes, often found in hostile environments such as hot springs or concentrated brine. ( See also bacteria.)

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26
Q

evolution

A

Process of gradual modification and adaptation that occurs in living organisms over generations.

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27
Q

plasma membrane

A

The protein-containing lipid bilayer that surrounds a living cell.

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28
Q

fluorescence microscope

A

Instrument used to visualize a specimen that has been labeled with a fluorescent dye; samples are illuminated with a wavelength of light that excites the dye, causing it to fluoresce.

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29
Q

micrometer

A

Unit of length equal to one millionth (10–6) of a meter or 10–4 centimeter.

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30
Q

protein

A

Polymer built from amino acids that provides cells with their shape and structure and performs most of their activities.

31
Q

yeast

A

Common term for several families of eukaryotic unicellular fungi used as model organisms. Includes species used for brewing beer and making bread, as well as species that cause disease.

32
Q

membrane-enclosed organelle

A

Any organelle in the eukaryotic cell that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer; for example, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome.

33
Q

Instrument used to visualize a specimen that has been labeled with a fluorescent dye; samples are illuminated with a wavelength of light that excites the dye, causing it to fluoresce.

A

fluorescence microscope

34
Q

micro

A

In the metric system, prefix denoting 10-6.

35
Q

One of the two divisions of prokaryotes, often found in hostile environments such as hot springs or concentrated brine. ( See also bacteria.)

A

archaea

36
Q

Any organelle in a eukaryotic cell that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer, for example, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome.

A

membrane-enclosed organelle

37
Q

Rodlike bacterium normally found in the colon of humans and other mammals and widely used in biomedical research.

A

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

38
Q

The protein-containing lipid bilayer that surrounds a living cell.

A

plasma membrane

39
Q

electron microscope

A

Instrument that illuminates a specimen using beams of electrons to reveal and magnify the structures of very small objects, such as organelles and large molecules.

40
Q

cytosol

A

Contents of the main compartment of the cytoplasm, excluding membrane-enclosed organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The cell fraction remaining after membranes, cytoskeletal components, and other organelles have been removed.

41
Q

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

A

Rodlike bacterium normally found in the colon of humans and other mammals and widely used in biomedical research.

42
Q

Common term for several families of eukaryotic unicellular fungi used as model organisms. Includes species used for brewing beer and making bread, as well as species that cause disease.

A

yeast

43
Q

An organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm.

A

eukaryote

44
Q

Instrument that illuminates a specimen using beams of electrons to reveal and magnify the structures of very small objects, such as organelles and large molecules.

A

electron microscope

45
Q

eukaryote

A

An organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm.

46
Q

Instrument for viewing extremely small objects. A light microscope utilizes a focused beam of visible light and is used to examine cells and organelles. An electron microscope utilizes a beam of electrons and can be used to examine objects as small as individual molecules.

A

microscope

47
Q

Any organelle in the eukaryotic cell that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer; for example, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome.

A

membrane-enclosed organelle

48
Q

cytoskeleton

A

System of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell shape and the capacity for directed movement. Its most abundant components are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

49
Q

membrane

A

Thin sheet of lipid molecules and associated proteins that encloses all cells and forms the boundaries of many eukaryotic organelles.

50
Q

The total genetic information carried by all the chromosomes of a cell or organism.

A

genome

51
Q

organelle

A

A discrete structure or subcompartment of a eukaryotic cell that is specialized to carry out a particular function. Examples include mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus.

52
Q

chromosome

A

Long, threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism; becomes visible as a distinct entity when a plant or animal cell prepares to divide.

53
Q

Describes genes, chromosomes, or any structures that are similar because of their common evolutionary origin. Can also refer to similarities between protein sequences or nucleic acid sequences.

A

homologous

54
Q

The proper term for the bacteria of common occurrence, used to distinguish them from archaea.

A

eubacteria

55
Q

Long, threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism; becomes visible as a distinct entity when a plant or animal cell prepares to divide.

A

chromosome

56
Q

System of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell shape and the capacity for directed movement. Its most abundant components are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

A

cytoskeleton

57
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

Molecule produced by the transcription of DNA; usually single-stranded, it is a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits. Serves a variety of structural, catalytic, and regulatory functions in cells.

58
Q

Molecule produced by the transcription of DNA; usually single-stranded, it is a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits. Serves a variety of structural, catalytic, and regulatory functions in cells.

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

59
Q

protozoan (plural protozoa)

A

A free-living, nonphotosynthetic, single-celled, motile eukaryote.

60
Q

Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units. It serves as the cell’s store of genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation.

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

61
Q

A living thing selected for intensive study as a representative of a large group of species. Examples include the mouse (representing mammals), the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (representing a unicellular eukaryote), and Escherichia coli (representing bacteria).

A

model organism

62
Q

mitochondrion (plural mitochondria)

A

Membrane-enclosed organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells.

63
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units. It serves as the cell’s store of genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation.

64
Q

The basic unit from which a living organism is made; consists of an aqueous solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane.

A

cell

65
Q

Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane but, in the case of eukaryotic cells, contained outside the nucleus.

A

cytoplasm

66
Q

In the metric system, prefix denoting 10-3.

A

milli

67
Q

photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

68
Q

homologous

A

Describes genes, chromosomes, or any structures that are similar because of their common evolutionary origin. Can also refer to similarities between protein sequences or nucleic acid sequences.

69
Q

genome

A

The total genetic information carried by all the chromosomes of a cell or organism.

70
Q

One of the two divisions of prokaryotes; some species cause disease. The term is sometimes used to refer to any prokaryotic microorganism, although the world of prokaryotes also includes archaea, which are only distantly related. (See alsoarchaea.)

A

bacteria

71
Q

nucleus

A

In biology, refers to the prominent, rounded structure that contains the DNA of a eukaryotic cell. In chemistry, refers to the dense, positively charged center of an atom.

72
Q

In the metric system, prefix denoting 10-6.

A

micro

73
Q

A free-living, nonphotosynthetic, single-celled, motile eukaryote.

A

protozoan (plural protozoa)

74
Q

eubacteria

A

The proper term for the bacteria of common occurrence, used to distinguish them from archaea.

Essential Cell Biology (20 decks)

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