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kaiser_to_fuhrer_1919-32_20230227145057 Flashcards

1
Q

Why Right were Angry

A

Treaty of Versailles, reduced army to 100,000 men, mean Freikorps were disbanded who fought Comm. The reduction of the Army went against the ideals of the Freikorp/Army.

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2
Q

Kapp Putsch

A

1920 - Freikorps entered Berlin physically controlled Germany, due to the Weimar Government fleeing.

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3
Q

Army Significance

A

Ideological similarities right and Army. Groups didn’t support WeiRep, TofVer and ‘Stab in the back myth’. Army + Freikorp, apart of Putsch, similar beliefs allowed Kapp seize Germany Army didn’t support Gov to suppress it.

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4
Q

Right Overall

A

Demonstrates the fragility WeiRep, allowed to be taken over. WeiRep dependant on unreliable Army to protect, became powerful, not controlled by the President Ebert, who was the Commander-in-Chief of Army.

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5
Q

Left Wing Europe

A

Europe Communist uprisings, Hungary established Communist government. Successful Russ Rev, allowed the left to believe that they too could establish Bolshevism within Germany.

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6
Q

Sparticist Uprising

A

1919 - Attempted overthrow WeiGov. This was only an attempt however, due to the fact that it was crushed by the right wing opposition, the Freikorps and the Army.

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7
Q

Left Failure Reason

A

Bolshevism too radical for people/organisations, the Army. Threat of disbanding Army creation of workers militia’s instead, if Bolshevism took power. Army believed Comm eradicated consolidate gov remove threats from left.

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8
Q

Ebert-Groener Pact

A

1918, ensuring that the Government would be protected from the left.

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9
Q

Left ↑ Threat

A

This was because regions of Germany attempted to establish Soviet-style republic’s. Saxony was one of these regions where a republic was set up in 1923.

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10
Q

Left Overall

A

Republics implies support for Comm high, gov. action forced shows threat to gov. Comm to Ger, ideological than physical. Spartacist + republics no physical change to, both not successful, support of Army stability to the WeiRep.

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11
Q

Economic Situation

A

Germany paid for WW1, borrow funds, needed to be paid back. Germany blamed - reparations. Germany could only pay for their borrowing/reparations by printing money - hyperinflation.

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12
Q

Social Consequences

A

Wages didn’t rise with inflation conditions within worsened, difficult to pay for food/coal. Decline in living standards ↑ support for radical parties, for ↑ people disillusioned with the WeiRep.

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13
Q

Social Overall

A

The radicalisation of the population fromt he social conditions, key factor to future events, Spartacist + Kapp, increased support, allowing them to take place and pose a threat to the stability of the Republic.

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14
Q

Electoral Vote of Left

A

15% - More Ideological threat to establishment

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15
Q

Munich Putsch

A

TO DO TO DO TO DO TO DO

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16
Q

Fringe Extremists Events

A

Spartacist uprisingKapp PutschBeer Hall Putsch

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17
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

War Guilt Clause Forced to pay £6600 reparations, majority of Germans humiliated. Stab in the back politicians in Weimar government. Shame, humiliation of the TofV gave opponents support.

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18
Q

Proportional Representation

A

No single party won a majority of the seats parties had to share power, coalition governments. Weakened WeiRep coalition governments could not agree and so governments collapsed.

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19
Q

Proportional Representation Stats

A

1919-33, there were 20 separate coalition governments the longest lasted 2 years. Between 1930 - 1932 3 elections governments had collapsed. Changes made it weak/ unstable.

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20
Q

Opposition

A

Comm wanted to end WeiRep/revolution - 1919 Spartacists, Nationalists right-wing takeover - Munich Putsch/Kapp Conservative elite also didn’t support the Weimar Republic.

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21
Q

Economic Crisis

A

1929 Wall Street Crash. Germany reliant on US loans. 1932 6m Unemployed. Wei slow coalition gov can’t agree policy. ↓ faith with Wei became unpopular. 1932 ↓ unemployment benefit. Extremists, Comm/Nazis offered solutions/hope.

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22
Q

Elections

A

Men and Women over the age of 20, very democratic.

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23
Q

Welfare State

A

Provision for unemployed, 1920 equal representation law for workers/employers.

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24
Q

When was the Sparticist Uprising

A

1920.

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25
Q

Why the Left opposed

A

The concept of Siegriede, as they believed the war was defensive, so why did they need to expand and take over Europe and use submarine warfare. All the sacrifices had been for nothing.

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26
Q

How it was stopped

A

Defeated by the Freikorps where 1200 people died.

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27
Q

Consequence

A

Showed how threatening Comm was to Gov. and was treaty harshly to remove chance of a Bolshevik Rev. Workers councils which were been set up, destroyed.

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28
Q

Army and the Right

A

The Army were completely sympathetic to the right wing parties, which shows in the decision to passively react to the Kapp Putsch.

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29
Q

Murder Statistics

A

376 overall between 1919-2222 of the 376 were from the left354 of 376 were from the right

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30
Q

Consequence of Kapp

A

The putsch produced physical change, showing how dependant the Gov. were on the unreliable Army, shows discontent and lack of control of the Army.

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31
Q

Army against Left

A

The left wanted to disband the army create workers militia’s, higher command would lose their jobs, they believed in Weltpolitik and this wound’t produce it.

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32
Q

Munich Putsch

A
  1. 14 Nazi’s killed
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33
Q

Munich Putsch Failure?

A

Trying to seize power, a massive failure, but the proceeding events projected the Nazi party into the public view, able to have a long speech at his trial, judge sympathetic.

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34
Q

Hyperinflation

A

1923.

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35
Q

Causes

A

The funding of WW1, borrowing in War bonds, printed money to pay it off. Reparations printed more money to pay off.

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36
Q

Cause Why

A

They didn’t want to increase taxation or cut expenditure, it would upset the working class

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37
Q

The Ruhr

A

Government proclaimed they couldn’t pay reparations, France occupied the Ruhr. Print money to buy coal abroad and pay workers and can’t get taxes.

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38
Q

Winners

A

Businessmen take loans pay back quickly, Jewish businessmen in particular.

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39
Q

Breakdown in Morality

A

Fritz Haarmann, murdered minimum of 24 people.

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40
Q

Losers

A

Unskilled workers lost 30% of their spending power, pensioners and savers.

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41
Q

Hitler and Nazi’s

A

Helped with Anti-Semitism, as big business/banks were run by Jews. War veterans not looked after, shows how bad democracy is.

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42
Q

Solution

A

Introduction of Rentenmark by Streseman Nov 1923, then in 1924 converted back to Reichmark.

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43
Q

Social Consequence

A

Starvation/Cold/Lack of trust for Weimar, significant when the great depression came as well, people really hated Weimar.

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44
Q

Money Statistic

A

Jan 1919 - 170.00 (To ounce of gold)| Nov 1923 - 87,000,000,000,000.00

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45
Q

Dawes Plan

A

1924 - Receive loans from America, 18,000 million marks. Increased investment unemployment dropped 5% 1924 to 3% in 1925.

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46
Q

Weimar Voting

A

1924 - 52% Shows the popular support| 1928 - 73%

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47
Q

Coups

A

There were no more uprisings from the left or right in the period, most were content. No political figures assassinated.

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48
Q

Chancellors

A

Proportional Representation meant few majorities and coalition governments. 6 Chancellors between 1924-28.

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49
Q

President

A

Article 48 - Appoint/dismiss chancellors as he chooses, President has monopoly on ideology.

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50
Q

Society

A

Real hourly earnings increased, increased social expenditure,

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51
Q

Ruhr Lockout

A

1928 - Industrialists locked out 250,000 workers to break the power of trade unions and defeat compulsory arbitration, political wage setting.

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52
Q

Ruhr Lockout Significance

A

Showed how dependant people were on the over reaching welfare state, broadening the gap between the elite and the working. Weimar trying to win working votes.

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53
Q

Treaty of Berlin

A

1926 - Included military and economic exchanges with the USSR, improved the relation with the West, they were anti-comm.

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54
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

Hope that changes to treaty would bring popularity domestically, although not radical enough and failed.

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55
Q

Young Plan

A

Reinforced to the people that they had to pay reparations, 6,000m marks instead of 136,000m previously. Fierce opposition from Right wing, only 14% rejected in Anti-Young campaign.

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56
Q

Nazi Vote

A

1928 - 3%| 1932 - 37%

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57
Q

Wall Street Crash

A

1929

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58
Q

Welfare Spending

A

1913 - 20%| 1932 - 106%

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59
Q

Unemployment/Businesses

A

1928 - 1.4 million1932 - Over 6m million 1/3 of German Workers by Winter1930-32 50,000 businesses bankrupt

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60
Q

Depression Effects on Wei

A

People still resented gov. for previous inflation crisis, effecting voting. Coalition government couldn’t decide on policy, inaction.

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61
Q

Voting 1932

A

Rise in extremist parties KPD and Nazi1928-32:KPD - 3% to 6%Nazi - 1% to 12%

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62
Q

Rapallo Pact

A

1922 - Helped develop more relations with the USSR.

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63
Q

Withdraw of Ruhr

A

1924-5 - Stresemann helped negotiate the withdrawal of passive resistance and regained the Ruhr.

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64
Q

League of Nations

A

1926 - Given the power of a veto and the recognition of Germany being a global power.

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65
Q

Why Right were Angry

A

Treaty of Versailles, reduced army to 100,000 men, mean Freikorps were disbanded who fought Comm. The reduction of the Army went against the ideals of the Freikorp/Army.

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66
Q

Kapp Putsch

A

1920 - Freikorps entered Berlin physically controlled Germany, due to the Weimar Government fleeing.

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67
Q

Army Significance

A

Ideological similarities right and Army. Groups didn’t support WeiRep, TofVer and ‘Stab in the back myth’. Army + Freikorp, apart of Putsch, similar beliefs allowed Kapp seize Germany Army didn’t support Gov to suppress it.

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68
Q

Right Overall - 1923

A

Demonstrates the fragility WeiRep, allowed to be taken over. WeiRep dependant on unreliable Army to protect, became powerful, not controlled by the President Ebert, who was the Commander-in-Chief of Army.

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69
Q

Left Wing Europe

A

Europe Communist uprisings, Hungary established Communist government. Successful Russ Rev, allowed the left to believe that they too could establish Bolshevism within Germany.

70
Q

Sparticist Uprising

A

1919 - Attempted overthrow WeiGov. This was only an attempt however, due to the fact that it was crushed by the right wing opposition, the Freikorps and the Army.

71
Q

Left Failure Reason

A

Bolshevism too radical for people/organisations, the Army. Threat of disbanding Army creation of workers militia’s instead, if Bolshevism took power. Army believed Comm eradicated consolidate gov remove threats from left.

72
Q

Ebert-Groener Pact

A

1918, ensuring that the Government would be protected from the left.

73
Q

Left ↑ Threat

A

This was because regions of Germany attempted to establish Soviet-style republic’s. Saxony was one of these regions where a republic was set up in 1923.

74
Q

Left Overall - 1923

A

Republics implies support for Comm high, gov. action forced shows threat to gov. Comm to Ger, ideological than physical. Spartacist + republics no physical change to, both not successful, support of Army stability to the WeiRep.

75
Q

Economic Situation - 1923

A

Germany paid for WW1, borrow funds, needed to be paid back. Germany blamed - reparations. Germany could only pay for their borrowing/reparations by printing money - hyperinflation.

76
Q

Social Consequences - 1923

A

Wages didn’t rise with inflation conditions within worsened, difficult to pay for food/coal. Decline in living standards ↑ support for radical parties, for ↑ people disillusioned with the WeiRep.

77
Q

Social Overall - 1923

A

The radicalisation of the population fromt he social conditions, key factor to future events, Spartacist + Kapp, increased support, allowing them to take place and pose a threat to the stability of the Republic.

78
Q

Electoral Vote of Left - 1923

A

15% - More Ideological threat to establishment

79
Q

Fringe Extremists Events

A

Spartacist uprisingKapp PutschBeer Hall Putsch

80
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

War Guilt Clause Forced to pay £6600 reparations, majority of Germans humiliated. Stab in the back politicians in Weimar government. Shame, humiliation of the TofV gave opponents support.

81
Q

Proportional Representation

A

No single party won majority of seats parties share power, coalition governments. Weakened WeiRep coalition governments couldn’t agree, governments collapsed. 6 Chancellors between 1924-28, no majority to use power.

82
Q

Proportional Representation Stats

A

1919-33, there were 20 separate coalition governments the longest lasted 2 years. Between 1930 - 1932 3 elections governments had collapsed. Changes made it weak/ unstable.

83
Q

Opposition

A

Comm wanted to end WeiRep/revolution - 1919 Spartacists, Nationalists right-wing takeover - Munich Putsch/Kapp Conservative elite also didn’t support the Weimar Republic.

84
Q

Economic Crisis

A

1929 Wall Street Crash. Germany reliant on US loans. 1932 6m Unemployed. Wei slow coalition gov can’t agree policy. ↓ faith with Wei became unpopular. 1932 ↓ unemployment benefit. Extremists, Comm/Nazis offered solutions/hope.

85
Q

Elections

A

Men and Women over the age of 20, very democratic.

86
Q

Welfare State

A

Provision for unemployed, 1920 equal representation law for workers/employers.

87
Q

When was the Sparticist Uprising

A

1919.

88
Q

How it was stopped - Spartacist

A

Defeated by the Freikorps where 1200 people died.

89
Q

Consequence - Sparacist

A

Showed how threatening Comm was to Gov. and was treaty harshly to remove chance of a Bolshevik Rev. Workers councils which were been set up, destroyed.

90
Q

Army and the Right

A

The Army were completely sympathetic to the right wing parties, which shows in the decision to passively react to the Kapp Putsch.

91
Q

Murder Statistics

A

376 overall between 1919-22 Organisation Consul22 of the 376 were from the left354 of 376 were from the right

92
Q

Consequence of Kapp

A

The putsch produced physical change, showing how dependant the Gov. were on the unreliable Army, shows discontent and lack of control of the Army.

93
Q

Munich Putsch

A
  1. 14 Nazi’s killed
94
Q

Munich Putsch Failure?

A

Tried to seize power, endorsed by Ludendorff, big failure, but event projected the Nazi party into the public view, able to have a long speech at his trial, judge sympathetic. Realised they had to work WITH the system.

95
Q

Hyperinflation

A

1923.

96
Q

Causes - Hyperinflation

A

The funding of WW1, borrowing in War bonds, printed money to pay it off. Reparations printed more money to pay off.

97
Q

Cause Why - Hyperinflation

A

They didn’t want to increase taxation or cut expenditure, it would upset the working class

98
Q

The Ruhr - Hyperinflation

A

Government proclaimed they couldn’t pay reparations, France occupied the Ruhr. Print money to buy coal abroad and pay workers and can’t get taxes.

99
Q

Breakdown in Morality - Hyperinflation

A

Fritz Haarmann, murdered minimum of 24 people.

100
Q

Losers - Hyperinflation

A

Unskilled workers lost 30% of their spending power, pensioners and savers.

101
Q

Hitler and Nazi’s - Hyperinflation

A

Helped with Anti-Semitism, as big business/banks were run by Jews. War veterans not looked after, shows how bad democracy is.

102
Q

Solution - Hyperinflation

A

Introduction of Rentenmark by Streseman Nov 1923, then in 1924 converted back to Reichmark.

103
Q

Money Statistic - 1923

A

Jan 1919 - 170.00 (To ounce of gold)| Nov 1923 - 87 Trillion

104
Q

Dawes Plan

A

1924 - Receive loans from America, 18,000 million marks. Increased investment unemployment dropped 5% 1924 to 3% in 1925.

105
Q

Weimar Voting

A

1924 - 52% Shows the popular support| 1928 - 73%

106
Q

Coups - Post 1923

A

There were no more uprisings from the left or right in the period, most were content. No political figures assassinated.

107
Q

Chancellors

A

Proportional Representation meant few majorities and coalition governments. 6 Chancellors between 1924-28.

108
Q

President

A

Article 48 - Appoint/dismiss chancellors as he chooses, President has monopoly on ideology.

109
Q

Society

A

Real hourly earnings increased, increased social expenditure,

110
Q

Treaty of Berlin

A

1926 - Included military and economic exchanges with the USSR, improved the relation with the West, they were anti-comm.

111
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

Hope that changes to treaty would bring popularity domestically, although not radical enough and failed.

112
Q

Young Plan

A

Reinforced to the people that they had to pay reparations, 6,000m marks instead of 136,000m previously. Fierce opposition from Right wing, only 14% rejected in Anti-Young campaign.

113
Q

Nazi Vote

A

1928 - 3%| 1932 - 37%

114
Q

Wall Street Crash

A

1929

115
Q

Welfare Spending

A

1913 - 20%| 1932 - 106%

116
Q

Economics Argument Chancellorship

A

1932 - Exports reduced by 45%1932 - Over 6m million 1/3 of German Workers by Winter1930-32 50,000 businesses bankrupt

117
Q

Depression Effects on Wei

A

People still resented gov. for previous inflation crisis, effecting voting. Coalition government couldn’t decide on policy, inaction.

118
Q

Rapallo Pact

A

1922 - Helped develop more relations with the USSR.

119
Q

Withdraw of Ruhr

A

1924-5 - Stresemann helped negotiate the withdrawal of passive resistance and regained the Ruhr.

120
Q

League of Nations

A

1926 - Given the power of a veto and the recognition of Germany being a global power.

121
Q

Nazi Local Election big win

A

Schleswig-Holstein - 100% Wiefelstede - 68%25-28% in areas they hadn’t targeted Northern Protestant

122
Q

Nazi Membership

A

Under age of 30 - 61% by 19331932 - 800,0001928 - 100,0001929 - 178,000

123
Q

The Centre Parties

A

The collapse of WeiRep reduced their support. DDP + DVP had - 1% 1932. Support moved to Nazi’s.

124
Q

Nazi Propaganda

A

Geobbells/Hitler had support of Alfred Hugenberg, used modern propaganda, newspaper + film. 800,000 votes 1928, 1932 after propaganda 13.7m.

125
Q

Gaue’s

A

Party officials adapted policies to the areas, for example the provision of work and bread. Through this the Nazi’s understood that in Northern Protestant areas they had major support and could target other areas.

126
Q

1933 WeiRep Support

A

March 1933 64.2% of the overall vote was for KDP/Nazi/USPD, whereas only 34% went towards pro Weimar parties. 1928, was that of 72.8%.

127
Q

Nazi’s Gain Authority

A

Differences between Hindenberg + Bruning, parliament dissolved ↑ extremist delegates. Parliament dissolved again extremists ↑ gains. Dissolving Nazi’s ↓ 2m votes, KPD ↑ gains. Hitler appointed Papen as vice chancellor.

128
Q

Papen vote of no confidence

A

512:42

129
Q

Reason why not Hitler Talent

A

Other parties failed to co-operate, after grand coalition 6 Chancellors between 1924-28, didn’t defend Weimar. Overall fear of Communism. Economic depression.

130
Q

Weimar Doomed from Start?

A

Weimar = Stab in the back/reparationsSuffering under Weimar, Wall Street/HyperinflationExtremists 1/3 of vote / Welfare State

131
Q

Nazi’s Consolidation Opposition

A

By summer 100,000 trade unionists/communists/social democrats arrested.

132
Q

Richard Evans Nazi Quote

A

A rainbow party of the discontented

133
Q

Article 231

A

Germany accepts responsibility for WW1

134
Q

Article 48

A

Available to preserve the republic, Ebert 1923 used give power to Army for Munich Putsch.Hindenberg used to gain majorities in Reich, Bruning 1930.Hitler used article 48 to destroy the republic and create the Nazi state in 1933.

135
Q

Weimar Voting Support 24-28

A

1924 - 52%| 1928 - 73%

136
Q

Locano Treaty

A

1925 - Improved international relations with western Europe.

137
Q

Hindenburg

A

Elected president 1925, very undemocratic, but appointed Mueller in 1928, social democrat and upheld the constitution.

138
Q

Golden Years Essay

A
  • Politically Survived- Economic change over time - Culture, only in Berlin
139
Q

Culture

A

500 cinemas, more than other Europe countries 1924-29 - Female and homosexual liberation, but not in rural areasAdvances alienated and divided the country.New Objectivity with Otto Dix

140
Q

Streseman quote on Weimar

A

Dancing on the edge of a volcano

141
Q

Stennes-Legion Agreement

A

1918 - Agreement between industrialists and unions| 8 hour day / union rights, for the removal of soviet influence

142
Q

Problems with Weimar Constituiton

A

Proportional Representation coalition governmentsArticle 48 illegal use undermined particularly after 1930Article 54 allowed independent judiciary Only undermined by those that wanted to

143
Q

Judiciary

A

Article 54 allowing independant judiciary, right wing letting hitler have 5 years, but the secretary of left revolutionary Kurt Eisner 11 years for breaking press rules in 1922.354 murders, 90 years combined sentence 22 murders 250 years combined sentence

144
Q

Early way the Nazi’s increased their profile

A

1920 - Bought a newspaper

145
Q

Membership Nazi 1923

A

55,000

146
Q

Hitler early re-organisation

A

1925 - Membership list creation1926 - Centralised decision making1926 - Franz Von Pfeffer head of SA to make it tamer1926 - Hitler Youth and Nazi Students Association

147
Q

1928 Nazi Election

A

Re-organisation did very little reduced their vote to 2.6%, keeping only 12 seats.

148
Q

Nazi Actions after 1928

A

Created groups to target part of society, allowing for specific targeted propaganda. Joseph Goebbels Saturation, leaflets, rallies and posters ect.

149
Q

Specific Nazi Messages

A

Bread and work - workersAnti-semitism - small shop ownersAttack Weimar liberalism - conservative families

150
Q

Age group specifically supported Nazism

A

1930 - 2/3 of the membership were under 40

151
Q

Depression and Nazism

A

6m unemployed people sought radical options to convert their situation.

152
Q

Nazi Vote

A

1924 - 1.9m1932 - 13.7m1933 - 11.7m

153
Q

Nazi Targeting Tactic Quote

A

‘Catch all party of protest’ - Childers| ‘Rainbow collection of the discontented’ - Evans

154
Q

Nazi % of Vote

A

1928 - 2.6%1930 - 18.31932 - 37.3 (July)

155
Q

Rural %

A

1930 - Scored 25%-28% of the Protestant North vote with very little organisational effort.68% - Wiefelstede

156
Q

Middle Class

A

DDP/DVP declined to 1% in 1932, Nazi’s took vote. Feared Comm, Nazi’s protect them, reputation of brutality to Comm gained support. Loss of income/saving from depression.

157
Q

Voted Nazi after 1930

A

Middle/Upper - Strong| Small towns and the rural protestant north

158
Q

Working Class

A

ome conservative nationalists, hit by depression Nazism offered solution, attracted bread/work promise National Socialism allowed reforms. Majority stayed KPD/SPD.

159
Q

Propaganda and Voting

A

Alfred Hugenberg, Press and Film Baron, leader of DVNP, combined two parties, huge contributions. Allowed Nazi propaganda to grow significantly, particularly 1928 and 1930. Legitimise Party.

160
Q

Demise of the Left

A

1929 - Wall Street Crash, left wanted to tax and couldn’t reduce social policies to get money, still reparations, very unpopular people didn’t have money/job social policies were the Left attraction.

161
Q

Reichstag Fire

A

1933 - Showed threat of Communism, Hitler used this to secure his chancellorship and become total dictator.

162
Q

Stresemann and Exports

A

40% rise in 1925-30

163
Q

Unemployment

A

Didn’t fall below 1.3m before 1929

164
Q

Reichstag laws

A

1920 - Reich relief and disabled support1924 - Relief support codified1927 - Unemployment insurance law

165
Q

Increased Left Chancellorship

A

Hindenburg Anti-Democracy allowed Right powerKPD - 1932 89 seats, increased to 100NSDAP - 1932 230, reduced to 1961933 - 64.2% of the overall vote was for KDP/Nazi/USPD

166
Q

Local Election Big Win’s

A

Wiefelstede - 68% 193065% of voters were from overwhelmingly protestant areas25-28% in areas they hadn’t targeted Northern Protestant

167
Q

How they won

A

They targeted the lower middle class becoming more discontent/promise the banning of imports for farmers.

168
Q

Nazi Membership

A

Under age of 30 - 61% by 19331932 - 800,0001928 - 100,0001929 - 178,000

169
Q

The Centre Parties

A

The collapse of WeiRep reduced their support. DDP + DVP had - 1% 1932. Support moved to Nazi’s.

170
Q

Nazi Propaganda

A

Geobbells/Hitler had support of Alfred Hugenberg, used modern propaganda, newspaper + film. 800,000 votes 1928, 1932 after propaganda 13.7m.

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