history_-_everything_20230227145124 Flashcards
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 - Violated the American Constitution, Homer Plessey, 14th amendment, sat in white area of train. Separate but equal facilities.
To secure these rights
1947.
Desegregation of the army
1948 executive order 9981.
NAACP founded
1909.
Smith v. Allwright
1944 - Texas, primary elections determined the congressional elections, black excluded from the primary elections. 15th amendment outlawed across America.
Morgan v. Virginia
1946 - Inter state bus service, Irene Morgan fined $100 refusing to give up seat. Violated her constitutional rights, supreme court announced interstate segregation illegal
Sweatt v. Painter
1950 - Heman Sweatt Texas Law, new law school rejected fewer teachers, book and students. Supreme court allowed the admission of Sweatt.
Brown v. The Board of Education I (Topeka)
1954 - Forced to attend a black school 20 block, white school nearer. Supreme court announced segregation was illegal in American schools. Impossible for separate and equal.
Brown v. The Board of Education II
1955 - De Jure victory, no De Facto change. NAACP asked for a timetable, reply ‘all deliberate speed’ - too vague.
Emmitt Till Lynched
1955.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-1956 - Segregated Busses, Rosa Parks (1955) refused to give up seat. Direct action, refused to use service. Hit companies hard, main revenue. King fined put into prison, gained media attention.
Browder v. Gayle
Browder Vs. Gayle, 1956 - Boycott didn’t change segregation, NAACP ended with a court case making the segregation illegal.
The Little Rock Campaign
Little Rock Campaign, 1957 - De facto segregation little progress, enrolling 9 students. National guard to prevent, Eisenhower orders to withdraw them. Racists prevented enrolling.
Greensboro Sit-ins
Greensboro Sit-ins, 1960 - Sitting in white only areas, escalated protest. 1 week six states, spread wade-in read-ins ect. 1961 70,000 people has engaged in the sit-ins. MLK and SNCC involvement Student Non violent Coordinating Committee.
The Freedom Rides
The Freedom Rides, 1961 - To test Morgan vs Virginia, organised by CORE/SNCC. Use media attention, Bull Connor, gave no protection and gave police day off, racists to attack. Montgomery refused to protect. King gave a speech, enforced desegregation on the bus services Robert Kennedy.
The Albany Campaign
1961-1962 - Laurie Pritchett new approach not giving media attention. King arrested then released.
The Birmingham Campaign
1963 - King arrested for marching. Month later, James Bevel SCLC, young people to join in, imprisoned 1300 children attacked/fire hosed children, media attention. John Kennedy, support for the bill to end segregation.
March on Washington
1963 - NAACP, CORE, SNCC, SCLC organised a march, emancipation proclamation. 20% white, 250,000 people attended, Lincoln memorial.
Mississippi Freedom Summer
1964 - CORE, SNCC, NAACP voter registration in Mississ…. 1962 6.2% could vote lowest. 800 volunteers, many white helped blacks to the vote. KKK and police resisted, 30 homes/37 churches firebombed 80 beatings 30 shootings.
Selma Campaign
1965 - Ongoing campaign to register black people to vote. 1% could vote Sheriff likely to use violence. SNCC/SCLC involvement. March to Montgomery 1st attempt tear gas whips, 2nd stopped by King/President Johnson.
Chicago Freedom Movement
1966 - SCLC and CCCO, Kings first in the North. Hot day fire hydrants police came riot started. Target housing, 1000 police unable to deal white protestors. Forced to negotiate Mayor Daley, re-election promises of housing ignored, living standards, education, housing ect.
The Poor Peoples Campaign
1968 - Coalition of all races, Italian, Irish, Puerto Rican ect. Campaign together for better standard of living. Johnson didn’t support the plans, Vietnam war created divisions/diverted resources, raise money themselves.
The Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike
1968 - Refused to recognise the workers union, tear gas, King asked to help. Economic goals increase income. Marchers started to riot/loot, reporting King lead a violent march. King was assassinated.
King Assassination
1968.