kaiser_to_fuhrer_1900-18_20230227145112 Flashcards
1
Q
Von Bulow appointed Chancellor
A
1900
2
Q
Herero Uprising
A
1904| Weltpolitik - Creation of Empire outside Europe
3
Q
Hottentot Election
A
1907
4
Q
Daily Telegraph Affair
A
1908
5
Q
Zabern Affair
A
1913 - Led to vote of no confidence 293:54
6
Q
Tariff Laws
A
1902 - High duty on imported agricultural products| Junker support, food more expansive
7
Q
Army Bill
A
1913 - Increase Army to 870,000| Weltpolitik - Creation of Empire outside Europe
8
Q
Sickness Insurance Law
A
1903
9
Q
Banning Child Labour
A
1908
10
Q
Navy Law
A
1900 - 38 Battleships over 20 years Flottenpolitik - Creation of a fleet to control coloniesWeltpolitik - Creation of Empire outside Europe
11
Q
Imperial Insurance Code
A
1911
12
Q
Accident Insurance Law
A
1900
13
Q
Daily Telegraph Affair
A
1908 - Von Bulow humiliated Kaiser allowed the interview to be published. Forced resignation, vital to please Kaiser to retain position, regardless of achievements.
14
Q
Zabern Affair
A
1913 - Bethmann-Hollwigg mismanaged the Zabern affair,, initiating a vote of no confidence. 293:54, dismissed by Kaiser and allowed to continue.
15
Q
Rohl Belief’s
A
That the Kaiser had all the power, everyone who served under him army, chancellors and ambassadors were appointed by him and reliant on his favour.
16
Q
Policy of Weltpolitik
A
World Policy - Supreme Army Commander, pass laws which helped him achieve his foreign policy. Foreign policy based on his own beliefs, significantly affected the budget
17
Q
Army Law
A
1912 - Saw the increase of the army to 870,000 people, Flottenpolitik.
18
Q
Navy Law
A
1900 - Saw the increase of the amount of battleships to 38 over the next 20 years, Flottenpolitik.
19
Q
Conclusion
A
The period wasn’t a parliamentary democracy, but of an autocratic monarchy, where policy was based on Kaiser’s beliefs and his influence on elected institutions (Hollwigg).
20
Q
Powers
A
- Appoint/dismiss Chancellor- Full power of Foreign policy- Always King of Prussia (favouritism)- Military Oath to Kaiser not people
21
Q
Sammsungpolitik
A
Unite the political parties to support Weltpolitik.
22
Q
Quote Ineffective Democracy
A
Karl Liebknecht - ‘A fig leaf for absolutism’ portraying how ineffective democracy was and that it was more the personal rule of the Kaiser.
23
Q
Prussia quote
A
Chris Clark - ‘Nothing but a vehicle for Prussian domination’
24
Q
Prussia and the Kaiser
A
Proposals made in favour of Prussia. Prussian military dwarfed south foreign policy decided by Prussian foreign policy. Complete control of Bundesrat making/changing policy, 17 votes 14 needed .
25
Parliamentary Democracy
The fact that it exists, conforms to democracy as it is elected and represents the people.
26
Minimum age of voting
Every man over the age of 25, regardless of any property qualification.
27
Accident Insurance Law
1900
28
Sickness Law
1903
29
Prohibition of Child Labour
1903
30
Conclusion
The Reichstag was a democratically elected institution which clearly represented the people with the social acts that they passed.
31
Vetoing
Prussia was given 17 votes, although you only needed 14 to veto a policy.
32
Herero Uprising
1906 - Von Bulow became unpopular with the centre party unable to pass laws. Leading to the Hottentot Election
33
Hottentot Election
1907 - Von Bulow was able to dissolve parliament and call for a reelection.
34
Seats gained/lost
SPD - Lost 38 to 43 overall| Centre Party - Gained 5 to 105 overall
35
Hottentot Conclusion
Able to alter the composition of the Reichstag to be able to implement his policies.
36
Elites
Junkers, Industrialists, Army and Bureaucrats
37
Wehler
Believed thats the elites controlled Germany and used the Kaiser as frontman for them with their vested interests.
38
Interests
Extremely anti-socialist and anti-democratic wanting to protect their position.
39
Examples
Expansionary foreign policy, Herero. Army and Navy Laws.
40
Conclusion
The elites could influence their interests with the Kaiser, to protect themselves. Expansion distracted people fromt he real injustices.
41
Wanted
They wanted to create a more democratic society, where people had more power.
42
Mansfeld Strike
1909 - Firm anti-socialist 5 week strike with no outcome showed no voice/influence.
43
Elections
1912 - 110 deputies largest party
44
Socialist Laws
Imperial Insurance Code - 1911Banning Child Labour - 1908Sickness Insurance Law - 1903Power of socialism increasingly prominent
45
Tariff Law
1902 - Rise in SPD support 56 seats in Reichstag to 81
46
Burgfreide
Political truce at start, unanimously pass laws for necessary loans to finance war. Kept peaceful SD's happy, as WW1 was perceived as a defensive until 1916. Patriotic support.
47
Kaiser
Exerted no military/political control. Reduction in control, as Hindenberg and Lundendorff appointed head of Army with massive popularity from East victory, undermining authority.
48
Bethmann
Bethmann relied on Kaiser support led to reduction in power or chancellor and Reichstag, unable to resist military interference.
49
Silent Dictatorship
With threat of resignation they wielded huge power over economic, military and political affairs, where power lay for the last 2 years
50
Siegfreide
A victory peace, where Germany could use their war victory to claim a world power status. Split the Reichstag, as SPD believed it was a defensive war why need to expand.
51
Impact of Silent Dictatorship (SD)
War aims became apparent, conflicting opinions in the Reichstag, political parties less supportive of the policies. Conflicting interests Reich/Bethmann and Generals.
52
SPD
The policy of Siegfreide split the party and created the USPD and the voting of war credits, showing the growing polarisation.
53
Erzberger
Able to pass a peace resolution by 212-126 1917, he formed a majority in the Reichstag on a particular issue. Significant political unity in the silent dictatorship
54
Overall
Inability to produce a quick victory caused doubts over true war aims ↓ political unity. The Burgfreide united. SD conflicting interests no power from people, ↓ any unity Reich not required for rule.
55
Total Food shortage deaths
700,000 by end of war
56
Short Term consequence
World War One
57
Long Term consequence
Social and Economic discontent
58
Generals
Defeat certain, Germany not defeated under General's rule, new government signed armistice. Create the Stab in the back myth, push blame protect themselves.
59
Result of WW1
Army Generals moved power from Kaiser to Reichstag before end, revolutionise political system protecting Army/reputations, greater negotiating power during armistice talks, conceding political revolution.
60
Social/Economic Discontent
War financed by printing money/borrowing-inflation, coal/harvests used for army, starved/cold.
61
Mark Value between 1913-17
Lost 75% of its value.
62
Deaths from Starvation/Hypothermia
300,000 in 1918 alone
63
Soc/Econ Consequence
The people resented industrial owners making profits. Increase rich and poor gap, socialism more attractive. Increase in popularity increased pressure on current system to change to socialism,
64
Popularity of SPD
1912 - 110 seats in Reichstag largest party
65
Significance of SPD
Reform of the political system was key demand by the majority of the people.
66
Kiel
31st Oct 1918 - Challenge authority, Army/Navy leaders lost control. Last battle retrieve dignity, sailors angry refused. Set up Worker/Soldier Councils, similar to Soviets in Russ Rev 1918, took control of military/civil matters of cities.
67
Prince Max of Baden
To prevent national rev from socialists he made political changes. Created a more democratic system, appointing the left-wing Freidrich Ebert as Chancellor and announced the abdication of the Kasier.
68
Effect of the left
Increased political pressure for change from left, caused Prince to revolutionise political system, a long term pressure/demand of population since the 1912 Election, known as the ‘Revolution from below’.
69
Socialist Conclusion
Long term - SPD/socialist ideology people to challenged authority, refuse orders continue rev cause setting up socialist rep, replicate Russia. Force Junkers to change autocracy - democracy.
70
WW1 Conclusion
Generals proposed altering political system with an armistice to protect reputation of the Army, for Germany would now lose the war, due to the army being under the control of the civilian government.
71
Soc/Econ Conclusion
Created resentment/divide between the rich/poor of, rich making profit, poor starved. Resentment fuelled socialism increased pressure on the Second Reich to change political system.
72
Overall
Overall these three long and short term events contributed significantly to the rev within Germany in 1918, transforming the autocratic monarchy into a more democratic system.
73
Von Bulow appointed Chancellor Date
1900
74
Herero Uprising Date
1904| Weltpolitik - Creation of Empire outside Europe
75
Hottentot Election Date
1907
76
Daily Telegraph Affair Date
1908
77
Zabern Affair Date
1913 - Led to vote of no confidence 293:54
78
Tariff Laws Date
1902 - High duty on imported agricultural products| Junker support, food more expensive
79
Army Bill Date
1913 - Increase Army to 870,000| Weltpolitik - Creation of Empire outside Europe
80
Sickness Insurance Law Date
1903
81
Banning Child Labour Date
1908
82
Navy Law Date
1900 - 38 Battleships over 20 years Flottenpolitik - Creation of a fleet to control coloniesWeltpolitik - Creation of Empire outside Europe
83
Imperial Insurance Code Date
1911
84
Accident Insurance Law Date
1900
85
Weltpolitik
Creation of Empire outside Europe
86
Flottenpolitik
Creation of a fleet to control colonies
87
Daily Telegraph Affair
1908 - Von Bulow humiliated Kaiser allowed the interview to be published. Forced resignation, vital to please Kaiser to retain position, regardless of achievements.
88
Zabern Affair
1913 - Bethmann-Hollwigg mismanaged the Zabern affair,, initiating a vote of no confidence. 293:54, dismissed by Kaiser and allowed to continue.
89
Rohl Belief's
That the Kaiser had all the power, everyone who served under him army, chancellors and ambassadors were appointed by him and reliant on his favour. Advancing militaristic and conservative agendas.
90
Policy of Weltpolitik
World Policy - Supreme Army Commander, pass laws which helped him achieve his foreign policy. Foreign policy based on his own beliefs, significantly affected the budget
91
Army Law
1913 - Saw the increase of the army to 870,000 people, Flottenpolitik.
92
Navy Law
1900 - Saw the increase of the amount of battleships to 38 over the next 20 years, Flottenpolitik.
93
Conclusion - Kaiser
The period wasn't a parliamentary democracy, but of an autocratic monarchy, where policy was based on Kaiser's beliefs and his influence on elected institutions (Hollwigg).
94
Power of Kaiser
- Appoint/dismiss Chancellor- Full power of Foreign policy- Always King of Prussia (favouritism)- Military Oath to Kaiser not people
95
Sammsungpolitik
Unite the political parties to support Weltpolitik.
96
1900-13 Period Quote
Karl Liebknecht - 'A fig leaf for absolutism' portraying how ineffective democracy was and that it was more the personal rule of the Kaiser.
97
Prussia Quote
Chris Clark - 'Nothing but a vehicle for Prussian domination'
98
Prussia and the Kaiser
Proposals made in favour of Prussia. Prussian military dwarfed south foreign policy decided by Prussian foreign policy. Complete control of Bundesrat making/changing policy, 17 votes 14 needed .
99
Parliamentary Democracy
The fact that it exists, conforms to democracy as it is elected and represents the people.
100
Minimum age of voting
Every man over the age of 25, regardless of any property qualification.
101
Accident Insurance Law
1900 - Reichstag
102
Sickness Law
1903 - Reichstag
103
Prohibition of Child Labour
1908 - Reichstag
104
Conclusion - Reichstag
The Reichstag was a democratically elected institution which clearly represented the people with the social acts that they passed.
105
Vetoing
Prussia was given 17 votes, although you only needed 14 to veto a policy.
106
Herero Uprising
1904 - Von Bulow became unpopular with the centre party unable to pass laws. Leading to the Hottentot Election
107
Hottentot Election
1907 - Von Bulow was able to dissolve parliament and call for a reelection. SPD + Centre Part joined to vote down the budget for colonialism.
108
Seats gained/lost Hottentot
SPD - Lost 38 to 43 overall| Centre Party - Gained 5 to 105 overall
109
Hottentot Conclusion
Able to alter the composition of the Reichstag to be able to implement his policies.
110
Elites
Junkers, Industrialists, Army and Bureaucrats
111
Wehler
Believed thats the elites controlled Germany and used the Kaiser as frontman for them with their vested interests.
112
Interests of Elite
Extremely anti-socialist and anti-democratic wanting to protect their position.
113
Examples of Elite interference
Expansionary foreign policy, Herero. Army and Navy Laws. 1902 Tariff laws manipulated by the Agrarian League.
114
Conclusion - Elite
The elites could influence their interests with the Kaiser, to protect themselves. Expansion distracted people fromt he real injustices. 1900 Naval Law / 1902 Tariff.
115
SPD Wants
They wanted to create a more democratic society, where people had more power.
116
Elections
1912 - 110 deputies largest party
117
Mansfeld Strike
1909 - Firm anti-socialist 5 week strike with no outcome showed no voice/influence.
118
Socialist Laws
Imperial Insurance Code - 1911Banning Child Labour - 1908Sickness Insurance Law - 1903Power of socialism increasingly prominent
119
Tariff Law
1902 - Rise in SPD support 56 seats in Reichstag to 81
120
Burgfreide
Political truce at start, unanimously pass laws for necessary loans to finance war. Kept peaceful SD's happy, as WW1 was perceived as a defensive until 1916. Patriotic support.
121
Kaiser - WW1
Exerted no military/political control. Reduction in control, as Hindenberg and Lundendorff appointed head of Army with massive popularity from East victory, undermining authority.
122
Bethmann - WW1
Bethmann relied on Kaiser support led to reduction in power or chancellor and Reichstag, unable to resist military interference.
123
Silent Dictatorship
With threat of resignation they wielded huge power over economic, military and political affairs, where power lay for the last 2 years
124
Siegfreide
A victory peace, where Germany could use their war victory to claim a world power status. Split the Reichstag, as SPD believed it was a defensive war why need to expand.
125
Impact of Silent Dictatorship (SD)
War aims became apparent, conflicting opinions in the Reichstag, political parties less supportive of the policies. Conflicting interests Reich/Bethmann and Generals.
126
SPD - WW1
The policy of Siegfreide split the party and created the USPD and the voting of war credits, showing the growing polarisation.
127
Erzberger
Able to pass a peace resolution by 212-126 1917, he formed a majority in the Reichstag on a particular issue. Significant political unity in the silent dictatorship
128
Overall - WW1
Inability to produce a quick victory caused doubts over true war aims ↓ political unity. The Burgfreide united. SD conflicting interests no power from people, ↓ any unity Reich not required for rule.
129
Total Food shortage deaths WW1
700,000 by end of war
130
Short Term Cause - 1918 Rev
World War One
131
Long Term Cause - 1918 Rev
Social and Economic discontent
132
Generals
Defeat certain, Germany not defeated under General's rule, new government signed armistice. Create the Stab in the back myth, push blame protect themselves.
133
Result of WW1
Army Generals moved power from Kaiser to Reichstag before end, revolutionise political system protecting Army/reputations, greater negotiating power during armistice talks, conceding political revolution.
134
Social/Economic Discontent
War financed by printing money/borrowing-inflation, coal/harvests used for army, starved/cold.
135
Mark Value between 1913-17
Lost 75% of its value.
136
Deaths from Starvation/Hypothermia
300,000 in 1918 alone
137
Soc/Econ Consequence WW1
The people resented industrial owners making profits. Increase rich and poor gap, socialism more attractive. Increase in popularity increased pressure on current system to change to socialism.
138
Popularity of SPD
1912 - 110 seats in Reichstag largest party
139
Significance of SPD
Reform of the political system was key demand by the majority of the people.
140
Kiel
31st Oct 1918 - Challenge authority, Army/Navy leaders lost control. Last battle retrieve dignity, sailors angry refused. Set up Worker/Soldier Councils, similar to Soviets in Russ Rev 1918, took control of military/civil matters of cities.
141
Prince Max of Baden
To prevent national rev from socialists he made political changes. Created a more democratic system, appointing the left-wing Freidrich Ebert as Chancellor and announced the abdication of the Kasier.
142
Effect of the left - Whole Period
Increased political pressure for change from left, caused Prince to revolutionise political system, a long term pressure/demand of population since the 1912 Election, known as the ‘Revolution from below’.
143
Socialist Conclusion - Whole Period
Long term - SPD/socialist ideology people to challenged authority, refuse orders continue rev cause setting up socialist rep, replicate Russia. Force Junkers to change autocracy - democracy.
144
WW1 Conclusion
Generals proposed altering political system with an armistice to protect reputation of the Army, for Germany would now lose the war, due to the army being under the control of the civilian government.
145
Soc/Econ Conclusion - WW1
Created resentment/divide between the rich/poor of, rich making profit, poor starved. Resentment fuelled socialism increased pressure on the Second Reich to change political system.
146
Overall - Rev
Overall these three long and short term events contributed significantly to the rev within Germany in 1918, transforming the autocratic monarchy into a more democratic system.
147
Unfairness of Prussian system
1903 - 23% of vote 7 seats| 1903 - 16% of vote 212 seats
148
Policies of Bethmann-Hollwegg
1910 - Attempted to change the Prussian 3 tier voting system.1911 - Insurance Code
149
Chris Clark
Liberal elements stronger than thought
150
Kaiser Autocracy
Kaiser could appoint chancellors (1909) and dissolve the Reichstag (1906)Ministers accountable to Kaiser (Zabern Affair 1913)Army accountable to Kaiser (1913 Zabern)Followed the Kaiser colonial agenda
151
Reichstag During War
1914 enabling act passed power to Bundesrat| Didn't change any of the 800 passed laws in war
