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Old Decks > kaiser_to_fuhrer_1900-18_20230227145112 > Flashcards

kaiser_to_fuhrer_1900-18_20230227145112 Flashcards

1
Q

Von Bulow appointed Chancellor

A

1900

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2
Q

Herero Uprising

A

1904| Weltpolitik - Creation of Empire outside Europe

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3
Q

Hottentot Election

A

1907

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4
Q

Daily Telegraph Affair

A

1908

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5
Q

Zabern Affair

A

1913 - Led to vote of no confidence 293:54

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6
Q

Tariff Laws

A

1902 - High duty on imported agricultural products| Junker support, food more expansive

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7
Q

Army Bill

A

1913 - Increase Army to 870,000| Weltpolitik - Creation of Empire outside Europe

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8
Q

Sickness Insurance Law

A

1903

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9
Q

Banning Child Labour

A

1908

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10
Q

Navy Law

A

1900 - 38 Battleships over 20 years Flottenpolitik - Creation of a fleet to control coloniesWeltpolitik - Creation of Empire outside Europe

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11
Q

Imperial Insurance Code

A

1911

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12
Q

Accident Insurance Law

A

1900

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13
Q

Daily Telegraph Affair

A

1908 - Von Bulow humiliated Kaiser allowed the interview to be published. Forced resignation, vital to please Kaiser to retain position, regardless of achievements.

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14
Q

Zabern Affair

A

1913 - Bethmann-Hollwigg mismanaged the Zabern affair,, initiating a vote of no confidence. 293:54, dismissed by Kaiser and allowed to continue.

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15
Q

Rohl Belief’s

A

That the Kaiser had all the power, everyone who served under him army, chancellors and ambassadors were appointed by him and reliant on his favour.

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16
Q

Policy of Weltpolitik

A

World Policy - Supreme Army Commander, pass laws which helped him achieve his foreign policy. Foreign policy based on his own beliefs, significantly affected the budget

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17
Q

Army Law

A

1912 - Saw the increase of the army to 870,000 people, Flottenpolitik.

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18
Q

Navy Law

A

1900 - Saw the increase of the amount of battleships to 38 over the next 20 years, Flottenpolitik.

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19
Q

Conclusion

A

The period wasn’t a parliamentary democracy, but of an autocratic monarchy, where policy was based on Kaiser’s beliefs and his influence on elected institutions (Hollwigg).

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20
Q

Powers

A
  • Appoint/dismiss Chancellor- Full power of Foreign policy- Always King of Prussia (favouritism)- Military Oath to Kaiser not people
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21
Q

Sammsungpolitik

A

Unite the political parties to support Weltpolitik.

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22
Q

Quote Ineffective Democracy

A

Karl Liebknecht - ‘A fig leaf for absolutism’ portraying how ineffective democracy was and that it was more the personal rule of the Kaiser.

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23
Q

Prussia quote

A

Chris Clark - ‘Nothing but a vehicle for Prussian domination’

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24
Q

Prussia and the Kaiser

A

Proposals made in favour of Prussia. Prussian military dwarfed south foreign policy decided by Prussian foreign policy. Complete control of Bundesrat making/changing policy, 17 votes 14 needed .

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25
Q

Parliamentary Democracy

A

The fact that it exists, conforms to democracy as it is elected and represents the people.

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26
Q

Minimum age of voting

A

Every man over the age of 25, regardless of any property qualification.

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27
Q

Accident Insurance Law

A

1900

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28
Q

Sickness Law

A

1903

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29
Q

Prohibition of Child Labour

A

1903

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30
Q

Conclusion

A

The Reichstag was a democratically elected institution which clearly represented the people with the social acts that they passed.

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31
Q

Vetoing

A

Prussia was given 17 votes, although you only needed 14 to veto a policy.

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32
Q

Herero Uprising

A

1906 - Von Bulow became unpopular with the centre party unable to pass laws. Leading to the Hottentot Election

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33
Q

Hottentot Election

A

1907 - Von Bulow was able to dissolve parliament and call for a reelection.

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34
Q

Seats gained/lost

A

SPD - Lost 38 to 43 overall| Centre Party - Gained 5 to 105 overall

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35
Q

Hottentot Conclusion

A

Able to alter the composition of the Reichstag to be able to implement his policies.

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36
Q

Elites

A

Junkers, Industrialists, Army and Bureaucrats

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37
Q

Wehler

A

Believed thats the elites controlled Germany and used the Kaiser as frontman for them with their vested interests.

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38
Q

Interests

A

Extremely anti-socialist and anti-democratic wanting to protect their position.

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39
Q

Examples

A

Expansionary foreign policy, Herero. Army and Navy Laws.

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40
Q

Conclusion

A

The elites could influence their interests with the Kaiser, to protect themselves. Expansion distracted people fromt he real injustices.

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41
Q

Wanted

A

They wanted to create a more democratic society, where people had more power.

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42
Q

Mansfeld Strike

A

1909 - Firm anti-socialist 5 week strike with no outcome showed no voice/influence.

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43
Q

Elections

A

1912 - 110 deputies largest party

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44
Q

Socialist Laws

A

Imperial Insurance Code - 1911Banning Child Labour - 1908Sickness Insurance Law - 1903Power of socialism increasingly prominent

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45
Q

Tariff Law

A

1902 - Rise in SPD support 56 seats in Reichstag to 81

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46
Q

Burgfreide

A

Political truce at start, unanimously pass laws for necessary loans to finance war. Kept peaceful SD’s happy, as WW1 was perceived as a defensive until 1916. Patriotic support.

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47
Q

Kaiser

A

Exerted no military/political control. Reduction in control, as Hindenberg and Lundendorff appointed head of Army with massive popularity from East victory, undermining authority.

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48
Q

Bethmann

A

Bethmann relied on Kaiser support led to reduction in power or chancellor and Reichstag, unable to resist military interference.

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49
Q

Silent Dictatorship

A

With threat of resignation they wielded huge power over economic, military and political affairs, where power lay for the last 2 years

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50
Q

Siegfreide

A

A victory peace, where Germany could use their war victory to claim a world power status. Split the Reichstag, as SPD believed it was a defensive war why need to expand.

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51
Q

Impact of Silent Dictatorship (SD)

A

War aims became apparent, conflicting opinions in the Reichstag, political parties less supportive of the policies. Conflicting interests Reich/Bethmann and Generals.

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52
Q

SPD

A

The policy of Siegfreide split the party and created the USPD and the voting of war credits, showing the growing polarisation.

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53
Q

Erzberger

A

Able to pass a peace resolution by 212-126 1917, he formed a majority in the Reichstag on a particular issue. Significant political unity in the silent dictatorship

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54
Q

Overall

A

Inability to produce a quick victory caused doubts over true war aims ↓ political unity. The Burgfreide united. SD conflicting interests no power from people, ↓ any unity Reich not required for rule.

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55
Q

Total Food shortage deaths

A

700,000 by end of war

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56
Q

Short Term consequence

A

World War One

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57
Q

Long Term consequence

A

Social and Economic discontent

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58
Q

Generals

A

Defeat certain, Germany not defeated under General’s rule, new government signed armistice. Create the Stab in the back myth, push blame protect themselves.

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59
Q

Result of WW1

A

Army Generals moved power from Kaiser to Reichstag before end, revolutionise political system protecting Army/reputations, greater negotiating power during armistice talks, conceding political revolution.

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60
Q

Social/Economic Discontent

A

War financed by printing money/borrowing-inflation, coal/harvests used for army, starved/cold.

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61
Q

Mark Value between 1913-17

A

Lost 75% of its value.

62
Q

Deaths from Starvation/Hypothermia

A

300,000 in 1918 alone

63
Q

Soc/Econ Consequence

A

The people resented industrial owners making profits. Increase rich and poor gap, socialism more attractive. Increase in popularity increased pressure on current system to change to socialism,

64
Q

Popularity of SPD

A

1912 - 110 seats in Reichstag largest party

65
Q

Significance of SPD

A

Reform of the political system was key demand by the majority of the people.

66
Q

Kiel

A

31st Oct 1918 - Challenge authority, Army/Navy leaders lost control. Last battle retrieve dignity, sailors angry refused. Set up Worker/Soldier Councils, similar to Soviets in Russ Rev 1918, took control of military/civil matters of cities.

67
Q

Prince Max of Baden

A

To prevent national rev from socialists he made political changes. Created a more democratic system, appointing the left-wing Freidrich Ebert as Chancellor and announced the abdication of the Kasier.

68
Q

Effect of the left

A

Increased political pressure for change from left, caused Prince to revolutionise political system, a long term pressure/demand of population since the 1912 Election, known as the ‘Revolution from below’.

69
Q

Socialist Conclusion

A

Long term - SPD/socialist ideology people to challenged authority, refuse orders continue rev cause setting up socialist rep, replicate Russia. Force Junkers to change autocracy - democracy.

70
Q

WW1 Conclusion

A

Generals proposed altering political system with an armistice to protect reputation of the Army, for Germany would now lose the war, due to the army being under the control of the civilian government.

71
Q

Soc/Econ Conclusion

A

Created resentment/divide between the rich/poor of, rich making profit, poor starved. Resentment fuelled socialism increased pressure on the Second Reich to change political system.

72
Q

Overall

A

Overall these three long and short term events contributed significantly to the rev within Germany in 1918, transforming the autocratic monarchy into a more democratic system.

73
Q

Von Bulow appointed Chancellor Date

A

1900

74
Q

Herero Uprising Date

A

1904| Weltpolitik - Creation of Empire outside Europe

75
Q

Hottentot Election Date

A

1907

76
Q

Daily Telegraph Affair Date

A

1908

77
Q

Zabern Affair Date

A

1913 - Led to vote of no confidence 293:54

78
Q

Tariff Laws Date

A

1902 - High duty on imported agricultural products| Junker support, food more expensive

79
Q

Army Bill Date

A

1913 - Increase Army to 870,000| Weltpolitik - Creation of Empire outside Europe

80
Q

Sickness Insurance Law Date

A

1903

81
Q

Banning Child Labour Date

A

1908

82
Q

Navy Law Date

A

1900 - 38 Battleships over 20 years Flottenpolitik - Creation of a fleet to control coloniesWeltpolitik - Creation of Empire outside Europe

83
Q

Imperial Insurance Code Date

A

1911

84
Q

Accident Insurance Law Date

A

1900

85
Q

Weltpolitik

A

Creation of Empire outside Europe

86
Q

Flottenpolitik

A

Creation of a fleet to control colonies

87
Q

Daily Telegraph Affair

A

1908 - Von Bulow humiliated Kaiser allowed the interview to be published. Forced resignation, vital to please Kaiser to retain position, regardless of achievements.

88
Q

Zabern Affair

A

1913 - Bethmann-Hollwigg mismanaged the Zabern affair,, initiating a vote of no confidence. 293:54, dismissed by Kaiser and allowed to continue.

89
Q

Rohl Belief’s

A

That the Kaiser had all the power, everyone who served under him army, chancellors and ambassadors were appointed by him and reliant on his favour. Advancing militaristic and conservative agendas.

90
Q

Policy of Weltpolitik

A

World Policy - Supreme Army Commander, pass laws which helped him achieve his foreign policy. Foreign policy based on his own beliefs, significantly affected the budget

91
Q

Army Law

A

1913 - Saw the increase of the army to 870,000 people, Flottenpolitik.

92
Q

Navy Law

A

1900 - Saw the increase of the amount of battleships to 38 over the next 20 years, Flottenpolitik.

93
Q

Conclusion - Kaiser

A

The period wasn’t a parliamentary democracy, but of an autocratic monarchy, where policy was based on Kaiser’s beliefs and his influence on elected institutions (Hollwigg).

94
Q

Power of Kaiser

A
  • Appoint/dismiss Chancellor- Full power of Foreign policy- Always King of Prussia (favouritism)- Military Oath to Kaiser not people
95
Q

Sammsungpolitik

A

Unite the political parties to support Weltpolitik.

96
Q

1900-13 Period Quote

A

Karl Liebknecht - ‘A fig leaf for absolutism’ portraying how ineffective democracy was and that it was more the personal rule of the Kaiser.

97
Q

Prussia Quote

A

Chris Clark - ‘Nothing but a vehicle for Prussian domination’

98
Q

Prussia and the Kaiser

A

Proposals made in favour of Prussia. Prussian military dwarfed south foreign policy decided by Prussian foreign policy. Complete control of Bundesrat making/changing policy, 17 votes 14 needed .

99
Q

Parliamentary Democracy

A

The fact that it exists, conforms to democracy as it is elected and represents the people.

100
Q

Minimum age of voting

A

Every man over the age of 25, regardless of any property qualification.

101
Q

Accident Insurance Law

A

1900 - Reichstag

102
Q

Sickness Law

A

1903 - Reichstag

103
Q

Prohibition of Child Labour

A

1908 - Reichstag

104
Q

Conclusion - Reichstag

A

The Reichstag was a democratically elected institution which clearly represented the people with the social acts that they passed.

105
Q

Vetoing

A

Prussia was given 17 votes, although you only needed 14 to veto a policy.

106
Q

Herero Uprising

A

1904 - Von Bulow became unpopular with the centre party unable to pass laws. Leading to the Hottentot Election

107
Q

Hottentot Election

A

1907 - Von Bulow was able to dissolve parliament and call for a reelection. SPD + Centre Part joined to vote down the budget for colonialism.

108
Q

Seats gained/lost Hottentot

A

SPD - Lost 38 to 43 overall| Centre Party - Gained 5 to 105 overall

109
Q

Hottentot Conclusion

A

Able to alter the composition of the Reichstag to be able to implement his policies.

110
Q

Elites

A

Junkers, Industrialists, Army and Bureaucrats

111
Q

Wehler

A

Believed thats the elites controlled Germany and used the Kaiser as frontman for them with their vested interests.

112
Q

Interests of Elite

A

Extremely anti-socialist and anti-democratic wanting to protect their position.

113
Q

Examples of Elite interference

A

Expansionary foreign policy, Herero. Army and Navy Laws. 1902 Tariff laws manipulated by the Agrarian League.

114
Q

Conclusion - Elite

A

The elites could influence their interests with the Kaiser, to protect themselves. Expansion distracted people fromt he real injustices. 1900 Naval Law / 1902 Tariff.

115
Q

SPD Wants

A

They wanted to create a more democratic society, where people had more power.

116
Q

Elections

A

1912 - 110 deputies largest party

117
Q

Mansfeld Strike

A

1909 - Firm anti-socialist 5 week strike with no outcome showed no voice/influence.

118
Q

Socialist Laws

A

Imperial Insurance Code - 1911Banning Child Labour - 1908Sickness Insurance Law - 1903Power of socialism increasingly prominent

119
Q

Tariff Law

A

1902 - Rise in SPD support 56 seats in Reichstag to 81

120
Q

Burgfreide

A

Political truce at start, unanimously pass laws for necessary loans to finance war. Kept peaceful SD’s happy, as WW1 was perceived as a defensive until 1916. Patriotic support.

121
Q

Kaiser - WW1

A

Exerted no military/political control. Reduction in control, as Hindenberg and Lundendorff appointed head of Army with massive popularity from East victory, undermining authority.

122
Q

Bethmann - WW1

A

Bethmann relied on Kaiser support led to reduction in power or chancellor and Reichstag, unable to resist military interference.

123
Q

Silent Dictatorship

A

With threat of resignation they wielded huge power over economic, military and political affairs, where power lay for the last 2 years

124
Q

Siegfreide

A

A victory peace, where Germany could use their war victory to claim a world power status. Split the Reichstag, as SPD believed it was a defensive war why need to expand.

125
Q

Impact of Silent Dictatorship (SD)

A

War aims became apparent, conflicting opinions in the Reichstag, political parties less supportive of the policies. Conflicting interests Reich/Bethmann and Generals.

126
Q

SPD - WW1

A

The policy of Siegfreide split the party and created the USPD and the voting of war credits, showing the growing polarisation.

127
Q

Erzberger

A

Able to pass a peace resolution by 212-126 1917, he formed a majority in the Reichstag on a particular issue. Significant political unity in the silent dictatorship

128
Q

Overall - WW1

A

Inability to produce a quick victory caused doubts over true war aims ↓ political unity. The Burgfreide united. SD conflicting interests no power from people, ↓ any unity Reich not required for rule.

129
Q

Total Food shortage deaths WW1

A

700,000 by end of war

130
Q

Short Term Cause - 1918 Rev

A

World War One

131
Q

Long Term Cause - 1918 Rev

A

Social and Economic discontent

132
Q

Generals

A

Defeat certain, Germany not defeated under General’s rule, new government signed armistice. Create the Stab in the back myth, push blame protect themselves.

133
Q

Result of WW1

A

Army Generals moved power from Kaiser to Reichstag before end, revolutionise political system protecting Army/reputations, greater negotiating power during armistice talks, conceding political revolution.

134
Q

Social/Economic Discontent

A

War financed by printing money/borrowing-inflation, coal/harvests used for army, starved/cold.

135
Q

Mark Value between 1913-17

A

Lost 75% of its value.

136
Q

Deaths from Starvation/Hypothermia

A

300,000 in 1918 alone

137
Q

Soc/Econ Consequence WW1

A

The people resented industrial owners making profits. Increase rich and poor gap, socialism more attractive. Increase in popularity increased pressure on current system to change to socialism.

138
Q

Popularity of SPD

A

1912 - 110 seats in Reichstag largest party

139
Q

Significance of SPD

A

Reform of the political system was key demand by the majority of the people.

140
Q

Kiel

A

31st Oct 1918 - Challenge authority, Army/Navy leaders lost control. Last battle retrieve dignity, sailors angry refused. Set up Worker/Soldier Councils, similar to Soviets in Russ Rev 1918, took control of military/civil matters of cities.

141
Q

Prince Max of Baden

A

To prevent national rev from socialists he made political changes. Created a more democratic system, appointing the left-wing Freidrich Ebert as Chancellor and announced the abdication of the Kasier.

142
Q

Effect of the left - Whole Period

A

Increased political pressure for change from left, caused Prince to revolutionise political system, a long term pressure/demand of population since the 1912 Election, known as the ‘Revolution from below’.

143
Q

Socialist Conclusion - Whole Period

A

Long term - SPD/socialist ideology people to challenged authority, refuse orders continue rev cause setting up socialist rep, replicate Russia. Force Junkers to change autocracy - democracy.

144
Q

WW1 Conclusion

A

Generals proposed altering political system with an armistice to protect reputation of the Army, for Germany would now lose the war, due to the army being under the control of the civilian government.

145
Q

Soc/Econ Conclusion - WW1

A

Created resentment/divide between the rich/poor of, rich making profit, poor starved. Resentment fuelled socialism increased pressure on the Second Reich to change political system.

146
Q

Overall - Rev

A

Overall these three long and short term events contributed significantly to the rev within Germany in 1918, transforming the autocratic monarchy into a more democratic system.

147
Q

Unfairness of Prussian system

A

1903 - 23% of vote 7 seats| 1903 - 16% of vote 212 seats

148
Q

Policies of Bethmann-Hollwegg

A

1910 - Attempted to change the Prussian 3 tier voting system.1911 - Insurance Code

149
Q

Chris Clark

A

Liberal elements stronger than thought

150
Q

Kaiser Autocracy

A

Kaiser could appoint chancellors (1909) and dissolve the Reichstag (1906)Ministers accountable to Kaiser (Zabern Affair 1913)Army accountable to Kaiser (1913 Zabern)Followed the Kaiser colonial agenda

151
Q

Reichstag During War

A

1914 enabling act passed power to Bundesrat| Didn’t change any of the 800 passed laws in war

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