Joints Muscles Ad Reflexees

Question 1

Types of joints

Answer 1

Synovial
Fibrous
Cartilaginous

Question 2

Synovial - articulate/ hyaline cartilage

Answer 2

Cots 2 bones that meet each other reduces friction and distributes weight easily - gets thinner with age

Question 3

Synovial - joint capsule

Answer 3

Wrapped in fibrous tissue that hold bones together s

Question 4

Synovial - synovial membrane

Answer 4

Delicate epithelial layer lilies the capsule and covers all non weigh Bering surfaces inside the ointment
It secretes synovial fluid

Question 5

Fibrous

Answer 5

Bones for in theses joints are linked together with tough fibrous material which means the joint is unable t move like teeth
Strengthens bone

Question 6

Cartiliginous

Answer 6

Tough fibre cartilaginous material binds bones together
Restricts movement in pubic symphysis or there is no movement

Question 7

Muscle cell structue

Answer 7

Multiple nuclei
Sarcolemma - cell membrane
Sarcoplasm - cytoplasm
Myofibrils - actin - thin myosin- thick gives striated appearance
Lots of mitochondria to produce atp
Produce myoglobin help store o2 in cell

Question 8

Muscle tissue

Answer 8

Cyclindrical
Row of fibres are made up of bundle called fascicles
Each bundle covered with a tissue sheath called the perimysium
Individual muscle fibres wrapped in fine conductive layer called endomysium

Question 9

Intro muscular injection

Answer 9

Pass through subcutaneous tissue to penetrate skeletal muscle where there is rich blood supply so medication will be absorbed quicker and more effectively

Question 10

Where IM injections take place

Answer 10

Thigh - day to access but painful
Ventroglutal site - away from major blood vessel but rarely used
Deltoid - arm - easy to access

Question 11

Involuntary reflex

Answer 11

Cough
Pupillary reflex
Patella tendon
Plantar reflex

Question 12

Cough reflex

Answer 12

Nerve ending in larynx trachea and bronchi sensitive to irritation which generate nerve impulses to vagus nerve to respiratory centre to brain stem
Reflex is deep inspiration and closure of glottis
Abdomen and respiratory muscle = sudden and rapid pressure
In lungs glottis opens expelling air or mucus out of mouth

Question 13

Pupillary reflex

Answer 13

Shine light on one eye while other is closed should constrict
Assesse brain trauma

Question 14

Patella tendon

Answer 14

Knee jerk
Tap below knee with Taylor hammer
Assess nerve between lumber 2 and 4 on spinal cord

Question 15

Planter reflex

Answer 15

Draw handle of hammer along lateral border of foot from heel to big toe
In adults toes flex and move together
In babies toes flare and big toe moves upwards

Question 16

Bone healing stage 1

Answer 16

haematoma (collection of clotted blood) forms rapidly between the bone ends and the surrounding soft tissues. An acute inflammatory response causes swelling and attracts inflammatory cells, including macrophages. This stage may be very painful, as the periosteum contains many sensory nerve endings.

Question 17

Bone healing stage 2

Answer 17

haematoma is stabilised with large amounts of fibrin and becomes the framework for the formation of granulation tissue (p. 407 ). Fibroblasts migrate to the site to lay down collagen fibres and other repair materials. Osteoblasts begin laying down new osteoid and the bone ends are joined with these soft tissues. Macrophages phagocytose dead bone and other tissues, to clear the way for new bone, and new capillaries begin to grow into the granulation tissue, restoring blood supply.

Question 18

Bone healing stage 3

Answer 18

After about 2 weeks, bony callus forms as osteoblasts begin to calcify the osteoid. Callus is laid down as spongy bone and unites, supports and splints the fracture.

Question 19

Bone healing 4

Answer 19

period of remodelling converts the external callus to compact bone and recanalises the bone. Assuming healing has proceeded normally, bone structure is back to normal, and the bone at the site of the original callus may even be slightly thicker than before. The whole process can take months, depending on the degree of damage.