Blood And Blood Groups

Question 1

Constituents of blood

Answer 1

Plasma. 55%
Erythrocytes 45%
Leucocytes <1%
Thrombocytes <1%

Question 2

Function of erthrocytes

Answer 2

Carry o2
Haemoglobin
Biconcave membrane so can squeeze through membranes

Question 3

Erythrocytes production

Answer 3

Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into proerythoblasts
Synthesis of haemolobini and nucleus is removed =reticulocyte
Reticulocyte matures pinto erthrocytes process stimulated below o2 levels
Kidney recognises low o2 evils and releases erythropoietin into blood to increase speed of Tati on to produce more red blood cell leucocytes

Question 4

Leucocytes function

Answer 4

Combat infection by phagocytosis
Granular - neutrophil - phagocytosis basophil - contain histamine
A granular - monocyte - important in immunity and inflammation

Question 5

Leucocytes production

Answer 5

Monocytes and granular leucocytes made from myeloid stem cells
Lymphocytes made from lymphoid stem cell

Question 6

Thrombocytes function

Answer 6

Involved in haemostasis by forming platelet plug

Question 7

Thrombocytes production

Answer 7

Formed from fragment of megakaryocytes under influence of thrombopoeitin in red bone marrow then enter crculation

Question 8

Plasma function

Answer 8

Carrying range of dissolved substances
90% water
Carries
Plasma proteins that are responsibility for osmotic pressure in blood
Electrolytes - muscle contraction ca2+
Waste products - urea
Globulins - immunoglobulins

Question 9

Factor that are important in Erythropoiesis

Answer 9

Vitamin b12 and folic acid
Found in dairy and meat and green veg

Question 10

What are the main blood groups

Answer 10

A
B
Ab
O

Question 11

Compatibility of donor nd recipient

Answer 11

Red blood ell membranes have antigens on it which ca stimulate an immune response if transferred from donor tin to bloodstream of incompatible individual

Question 12

Rhesus factor mum and baby’s

Answer 12

Um is rh ne and foetus rh pos
Rhesus antigens from foetus may cross placenta
Mum makes anti d antibodies
Gig cross placenta anti d antibodies attack and haemolyse fetal red blood cells that carry d surface antigen
Can cause jaundice in first 48hrs
And can cause fetal anaemia

Question 13

Stage 1 of haemolysis

Answer 13

Vasoconstriction
Platelets in contact with broken blood vessel the surface becomes sticky and adhere to damaged wa
They realease serotonin and thromboxanes that constrict blood flow

Question 14

Stage 2 of haemolysis

Answer 14

Platelet plug
Sticky platelets form platelet plug and release ADP which attract more platelets to the sites and form plug

Question 15

Stage 3 haemolysis

Answer 15

Blood clot forms

Question 16

Stage 4 haemolysis

Answer 16

Thrombolysis
Breakdown of fibrin
Plasminogen trapped within the clot as it forms is converted to plsmin
Plasmin breaks down to form fibrin - removing clot