Joints And Connective Tissue Flashcards
What is the difference between stretch and tensile strength?
Stretch deals with how long a tissue can become
Tensile strength involves how much pulling force it can resist
What is Wolff’s Law?
Bone density changes in response to the changes in functional forces applied to it
Axial skeleton
Skeleton’s center: cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid
Appendicular skeleton
arms and legs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
Structure of Bones
-1 part Bone cells ( Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts)
-1 part Collagen
-6 parts Inorganic material (mineral salts)
-2 parts Water
Functions of Bone
-Framework
-Spacers
-Shape
-Bear weight
-Support tissues
Compact Bone
densely packed type of bone tissue that makes up bulk of the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones
Spongy Bone
act as little beams (trabeculae) by resisting stress and transferring force
Types of Bone
-Long; femur/humeri
-Short; carpals
-Flat; sternum
-Irregular; vertebrae
-Sesamoid; patella
3 Types of Cartilage
-Fibrocartilage
-Elastic cartilage
-Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
toughest; affords great tensile strength
Elastic cartilage
pliable; maintains shape of structures
Hyaline (or Articular) cartilage
most abundant; found in the majority of joints involving motion
What is Cartilage?
a dense web of collagen and elastin fibers embedded in a gelatinous ground substance
What does Cartilage help with?
-Provides a smooth, low friction surface for movement and endures tremendous loading
What does Fascial Tissue help with?
-Generate tension, allow tissues to slide smoothly over each other
What is Fascial Tissue?
-the body’s sheets, cables, conduits, and padding; composed of loose or dense connective tissue
What are the 3 groups of Facial Tissues?
- Sheets (proper fascia)
- Cables (tendon and ligament)
- Other variations (superficial fascia and periosteum)
What are the types of Proper Fascia?
-Fascia Profunda
-Septa
-Aponeurosis
-Retinacula
-Joint Capsules
Fascia Profunda
-surrounds muscle bellies, holds them together and separates them into functional groups
Septa
-Separates various muscles of the extremities, so that they can perform their independent functions
Aponeurosis
-Increase stability/strength
Retinacula
-Bind and stabilize the tendons that cross the joints
Joint Capsules
-Provide joint stability and containment
Ligaments
-Connect bones together at a joint; crosshatched fibers support multidirectional stresses
Tendons
-Connects bone to muscle; parallel fibers are pulled unidirectional which move the bone
Tensional Network
-Interconnected fascial tissues (fasciae, tendons, ligaments, etc.)
Connective Tissue Network
-Tensional Network plus bones and cartilage surrounded by body fluid; Holistic system
Functions of the Connective Tissue Network
-Form the complete Structural Framework
-Provides Mechanical Support
Classes of joints based on Function
-Synarthrosis
-Amphiarthrosis
-Diarthrosis
Synarthrosis
-have little or no movement
Amphiarthrosis
-allow minimal to moderate movement
Diarthrosis
freely moveable
Classes of joints based on Structure
-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial
Fibrous
joined by fibrous interosseous connective tissue that directly unites one bone to another
Cartilaginous
joined by either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Synovial
ends of bony components are free to move in relation to one another
Types of Fibrous Joints
-Suture
-Syndesmoses
-Gomphoses
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
-Symphysis
-Synchondrosis
5 Characteristics of Synovial Joints
-Joint cavity
-Joint capsule
-Synovial membrane
-Hyaline cartilage
-Synovial fluid
Additional characteristics a Synovial Joint might have
-Capsular ligament
-Bursae
-Fibro-cartilaginous support structures
-Blood vessels
-Sensory nerves
2 Sub-Classifications of Synovial Joint
-Based on geometry
-Based on number of axes
Synovial Joints Based on Geometry
-Plane, Ball-and-Socket, Condyloid (Ellipsoid), Saddle, Hinge and, Pivot (Gliding)
Synovial Joints Based on # of Axes
-Uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial
Uniaxial Synovial Joints
Hinge (Humeroulnar) and Pivot (atlantoaxial) Joints
Biaxial Synovial Joints
Condyloid (radiocarpal) and Saddle (thumb base) Joints
Building a Knee Synovial Joint
- Meniscus
- Hyaline cartilage
- Ligament
- Fat pad
- Bursa
- Joint capsule
- Synovial membrane + fluid
Triaxial Synovial Joints
Plane (foot joints) and Ball-and-Socket (hip) Joints
Osteokinematics
rotary movement of bony levers in space during physiological joint motion
Osteokinematics described by
-Plane, axis, and direction; ex: Active and Passive ROM
Arthrokinematics
-changes in articular contact that occur during osteokinematic motion
Arthrokinematics described by
-Roll, slide, and spin; accessory motion
Active ROM
-degree of movement that a client can produce using his/her own strength and volition
Passive ROM
-Distance that you (practitioner), can passively mobilize your client’s joint
Hypermobility
an excess of joint motion
Hypomobility
fail/constraints to joint mobility
End-feel
-sensation/palpable quality to the restriction during passive ROM
Soft end-feel
-a motion that is limited by approximation of soft tissues (ex: elbow flexion)
Firm end-feel
a motion limited by capsuloligamentous restraints (ex: knee extension)
Hard end-feel
-a motion with a bony limitation (ex: elbow extension)
Roll
-refers to the rolling of one joint surface on another
Glide (slide)
-refers to the linear translation of one component on another
Spin
-refers to the rotation of the moving component
Convex-Concave Rule
the relationship between the osteo/arthro kinematics can differ depending on the shape of the moving and stable surfaces
What happens when the convex surface moves and the concave surface is stable?
roll and slide occur in OPPOSITE directions
What happens when the concave surface moves and the convex surface is stable?
-roll and slide will occur in the SAME direction
Joint play (Accessory Movement)
-freedom of movement of one articular surface on another
-movement that could occur at a joint, but it is not reliant on voluntary control
Loose-packed position (incongruent)
-the point in the joint’s range where the capsule and ligaments provide the least restraint to passive sliding
-minimal overlap
Close-packed position (congruent)
-the point in the ROM where minimal or no joint play between articular surfaces is expected
-greatest possible amount of overlap; ex: full knee ext.
Range of Motion (ROM)
-the amount of movement of a joint expressed in degrees
What factors affects ROM?
-shape of joint, elasticity of joint capsule and ligaments, muscle’s strength and tightness, injury/guarding against pain, age, genetics, and gender
Resisted ROM
-client attempting to perform action against your resistance
Open Kinetic Chain
-one end is free to move when the other is fixed; ex: curling a dumbbell
Closed Kinetic Chain
-both ends are fixed; pull up/push up
Nervous System
-Sends, receives, and relays messages to every corner of the body
Neuromuscular system (not really a system)
-critical nerve and muscle components, and the roles they play in the production of human motion
Central Nervous System (CNS)
-Regulates all bodily functions and responds to external stimuli
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
-Middleman network of motor and sensory fibers that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
-Situated beside the spinal cord and involved in control of glands, blood vessels, and viscera
Voluntary movements
-Manages the performance of a conscious task
Involuntary movement
-Carried out subconsciously below your conscious awareness
CNS (brain and spinal cord)
-Interprets incoming sensory information and sending out instructions in the form of motor responses
PNS (neural tissue)
-Branches and tributaries will innervate and relay info. to and from your skeletal muscles
ANS
-Regulate automatic, instinctive functions; sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Parts of Neuron
- Cell body: contain nucleus
- Dendrites: extend off the cell body
- Single axon: long axon reach away from cell body
- Myelin: rolls coated on the sides of the axon
Functions of the Neuron
-to receive sensory information, to process data and to transmit signals
2 Properties of the Neuron
- Excitability
- Conductibility
Excitability
-Capacity to respond to stimuli and translate them into nerve impulses
Conductibility
-Ability to communicate those impulses to other neurons, glands, or muscles
Classifications on the Neuron
- Sensory neurons
- Motor neurons
- Interneurons
Sensory (efferent) Neuron
-Transmit sensory impulses to the brain and spinal chord
Motor (efferent) Neuron
-Sends motor impulses from the brain and spinal chord to the muscles
Interneurons ( association neurons)
-Carry signals between neurons in the brain and spinal chord
Building a Neuron
- Parts
- Function
- Classify
- Synapse
- Assembled synapse = nerve
- Wrap in endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium
Cranial Nerves
-24 nerves that primarily innervate the cranium and sense organs of the head, few cervical muscles and aspects of the viscera
Spinal Nerves
-4 Nervi plexus: intersecting nerves
-12 pairs of Thoracic nerves
4 Nerve Plexus Nerves
- Cervical (C1-C5)
- Brachial (C5-T1)
- Lumbar (L1-L4)
- Sacral (L4-S4)
Thoracic Nerves
T1-T12
Oblique Plane
-Combines 2-3 cardinal planes
