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Kinesiology Term 1 > Joints And Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Joints And Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between stretch and tensile strength?

A

Stretch deals with how long a tissue can become
Tensile strength involves how much pulling force it can resist

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2
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

Bone density changes in response to the changes in functional forces applied to it

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3
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skeleton’s center: cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid

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4
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

arms and legs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

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5
Q

Structure of Bones

A

-1 part Bone cells ( Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts)
-1 part Collagen
-6 parts Inorganic material (mineral salts)
-2 parts Water

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6
Q

Functions of Bone

A

-Framework
-Spacers
-Shape
-Bear weight
-Support tissues

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7
Q

Compact Bone

A

densely packed type of bone tissue that makes up bulk of the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones

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8
Q

Spongy Bone

A

act as little beams (trabeculae) by resisting stress and transferring force

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9
Q

Types of Bone

A

-Long; femur/humeri
-Short; carpals
-Flat; sternum
-Irregular; vertebrae
-Sesamoid; patella

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10
Q

3 Types of Cartilage

A

-Fibrocartilage
-Elastic cartilage
-Hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

toughest; affords great tensile strength

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12
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

pliable; maintains shape of structures

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13
Q

Hyaline (or Articular) cartilage

A

most abundant; found in the majority of joints involving motion

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14
Q

What is Cartilage?

A

a dense web of collagen and elastin fibers embedded in a gelatinous ground substance

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15
Q

What does Cartilage help with?

A

-Provides a smooth, low friction surface for movement and endures tremendous loading

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16
Q

What does Fascial Tissue help with?

A

-Generate tension, allow tissues to slide smoothly over each other

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17
Q

What is Fascial Tissue?

A

-the body’s sheets, cables, conduits, and padding; composed of loose or dense connective tissue

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18
Q

What are the 3 groups of Facial Tissues?

A
  1. Sheets (proper fascia)
  2. Cables (tendon and ligament)
  3. Other variations (superficial fascia and periosteum)
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19
Q

What are the types of Proper Fascia?

A

-Fascia Profunda
-Septa
-Aponeurosis
-Retinacula
-Joint Capsules

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20
Q

Fascia Profunda

A

-surrounds muscle bellies, holds them together and separates them into functional groups

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21
Q

Septa

A

-Separates various muscles of the extremities, so that they can perform their independent functions

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22
Q

Aponeurosis

A

-Increase stability/strength

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23
Q

Retinacula

A

-Bind and stabilize the tendons that cross the joints

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24
Q

Joint Capsules

A

-Provide joint stability and containment

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25
Q

Ligaments

A

-Connect bones together at a joint; crosshatched fibers support multidirectional stresses

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26
Q

Tendons

A

-Connects bone to muscle; parallel fibers are pulled unidirectional which move the bone

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27
Q

Tensional Network

A

-Interconnected fascial tissues (fasciae, tendons, ligaments, etc.)

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28
Q

Connective Tissue Network

A

-Tensional Network plus bones and cartilage surrounded by body fluid; Holistic system

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29
Q

Functions of the Connective Tissue Network

A

-Form the complete Structural Framework
-Provides Mechanical Support

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30
Q

Classes of joints based on Function

A

-Synarthrosis
-Amphiarthrosis
-Diarthrosis

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31
Q

Synarthrosis

A

-have little or no movement

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32
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

-allow minimal to moderate movement

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33
Q

Diarthrosis

A

freely moveable

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34
Q

Classes of joints based on Structure

A

-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial

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35
Q

Fibrous

A

joined by fibrous interosseous connective tissue that directly unites one bone to another

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36
Q

Cartilaginous

A

joined by either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

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37
Q

Synovial

A

ends of bony components are free to move in relation to one another

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38
Q

Types of Fibrous Joints

A

-Suture
-Syndesmoses
-Gomphoses

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39
Q

Types of Cartilaginous Joints

A

-Symphysis
-Synchondrosis

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40
Q

5 Characteristics of Synovial Joints

A

-Joint cavity
-Joint capsule
-Synovial membrane
-Hyaline cartilage
-Synovial fluid

41
Q

Additional characteristics a Synovial Joint might have

A

-Capsular ligament
-Bursae
-Fibro-cartilaginous support structures
-Blood vessels
-Sensory nerves

42
Q

2 Sub-Classifications of Synovial Joint

A

-Based on geometry
-Based on number of axes

43
Q

Synovial Joints Based on Geometry

A

-Plane, Ball-and-Socket, Condyloid (Ellipsoid), Saddle, Hinge and, Pivot (Gliding)

44
Q

Synovial Joints Based on # of Axes

A

-Uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial

45
Q

Uniaxial Synovial Joints

A

Hinge (Humeroulnar) and Pivot (atlantoaxial) Joints

46
Q

Biaxial Synovial Joints

A

Condyloid (radiocarpal) and Saddle (thumb base) Joints

47
Q

Building a Knee Synovial Joint

A
  1. Meniscus
  2. Hyaline cartilage
  3. Ligament
  4. Fat pad
  5. Bursa
  6. Joint capsule
  7. Synovial membrane + fluid
48
Q

Triaxial Synovial Joints

A

Plane (foot joints) and Ball-and-Socket (hip) Joints

49
Q

Osteokinematics

A

rotary movement of bony levers in space during physiological joint motion

50
Q

Osteokinematics described by

A

-Plane, axis, and direction; ex: Active and Passive ROM

51
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

-changes in articular contact that occur during osteokinematic motion

52
Q

Arthrokinematics described by

A

-Roll, slide, and spin; accessory motion

53
Q

Active ROM

A

-degree of movement that a client can produce using his/her own strength and volition

54
Q

Passive ROM

A

-Distance that you (practitioner), can passively mobilize your client’s joint

55
Q

Hypermobility

A

an excess of joint motion

56
Q

Hypomobility

A

fail/constraints to joint mobility

57
Q

End-feel

A

-sensation/palpable quality to the restriction during passive ROM

58
Q

Soft end-feel

A

-a motion that is limited by approximation of soft tissues (ex: elbow flexion)

59
Q

Firm end-feel

A

a motion limited by capsuloligamentous restraints (ex: knee extension)

60
Q

Hard end-feel

A

-a motion with a bony limitation (ex: elbow extension)

61
Q

Roll

A

-refers to the rolling of one joint surface on another

62
Q

Glide (slide)

A

-refers to the linear translation of one component on another

63
Q

Spin

A

-refers to the rotation of the moving component

64
Q

Convex-Concave Rule

A

the relationship between the osteo/arthro kinematics can differ depending on the shape of the moving and stable surfaces

65
Q

What happens when the convex surface moves and the concave surface is stable?

A

roll and slide occur in OPPOSITE directions

66
Q

What happens when the concave surface moves and the convex surface is stable?

A

-roll and slide will occur in the SAME direction

67
Q

Joint play (Accessory Movement)

A

-freedom of movement of one articular surface on another
-movement that could occur at a joint, but it is not reliant on voluntary control

68
Q

Loose-packed position (incongruent)

A

-the point in the joint’s range where the capsule and ligaments provide the least restraint to passive sliding
-minimal overlap

69
Q

Close-packed position (congruent)

A

-the point in the ROM where minimal or no joint play between articular surfaces is expected
-greatest possible amount of overlap; ex: full knee ext.

70
Q

Range of Motion (ROM)

A

-the amount of movement of a joint expressed in degrees

71
Q

What factors affects ROM?

A

-shape of joint, elasticity of joint capsule and ligaments, muscle’s strength and tightness, injury/guarding against pain, age, genetics, and gender

72
Q

Resisted ROM

A

-client attempting to perform action against your resistance

73
Q

Open Kinetic Chain

A

-one end is free to move when the other is fixed; ex: curling a dumbbell

74
Q

Closed Kinetic Chain

A

-both ends are fixed; pull up/push up

75
Q

Nervous System

A

-Sends, receives, and relays messages to every corner of the body

76
Q

Neuromuscular system (not really a system)

A

-critical nerve and muscle components, and the roles they play in the production of human motion

77
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

-Regulates all bodily functions and responds to external stimuli

78
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

-Middleman network of motor and sensory fibers that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

79
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

-Situated beside the spinal cord and involved in control of glands, blood vessels, and viscera

80
Q

Voluntary movements

A

-Manages the performance of a conscious task

81
Q

Involuntary movement

A

-Carried out subconsciously below your conscious awareness

82
Q

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

A

-Interprets incoming sensory information and sending out instructions in the form of motor responses

83
Q

PNS (neural tissue)

A

-Branches and tributaries will innervate and relay info. to and from your skeletal muscles

84
Q

ANS

A

-Regulate automatic, instinctive functions; sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

85
Q

Parts of Neuron

A
  1. Cell body: contain nucleus
  2. Dendrites: extend off the cell body
  3. Single axon: long axon reach away from cell body
  4. Myelin: rolls coated on the sides of the axon
86
Q

Functions of the Neuron

A

-to receive sensory information, to process data and to transmit signals

87
Q

2 Properties of the Neuron

A
  1. Excitability
  2. Conductibility
88
Q

Excitability

A

-Capacity to respond to stimuli and translate them into nerve impulses

89
Q

Conductibility

A

-Ability to communicate those impulses to other neurons, glands, or muscles

90
Q

Classifications on the Neuron

A
  1. Sensory neurons
  2. Motor neurons
  3. Interneurons
91
Q

Sensory (efferent) Neuron

A

-Transmit sensory impulses to the brain and spinal chord

92
Q

Motor (efferent) Neuron

A

-Sends motor impulses from the brain and spinal chord to the muscles

93
Q

Interneurons ( association neurons)

A

-Carry signals between neurons in the brain and spinal chord

94
Q

Building a Neuron

A
  1. Parts
  2. Function
  3. Classify
  4. Synapse
  5. Assembled synapse = nerve
  6. Wrap in endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium
95
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

-24 nerves that primarily innervate the cranium and sense organs of the head, few cervical muscles and aspects of the viscera

96
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

-4 Nervi plexus: intersecting nerves
-12 pairs of Thoracic nerves

97
Q

4 Nerve Plexus Nerves

A
  1. Cervical (C1-C5)
  2. Brachial (C5-T1)
  3. Lumbar (L1-L4)
  4. Sacral (L4-S4)
98
Q

Thoracic Nerves

A

T1-T12

99
Q

Oblique Plane

A

-Combines 2-3 cardinal planes

Kinesiology Term 1 (5 decks)

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