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Kinesiology Term 1 > Joints And Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Joints And Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between stretch and tensile strength?

A

Stretch deals with how long a tissue can become
Tensile strength involves how much pulling force it can resist

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2
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

Bone density changes in response to the changes in functional forces applied to it

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3
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skeleton’s center: cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid

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4
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

arms and legs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

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5
Q

Structure of Bones

A

-1 part Bone cells ( Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts)
-1 part Collagen
-6 parts Inorganic material (mineral salts)
-2 parts Water

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6
Q

Functions of Bone

A

-Framework
-Spacers
-Shape
-Bear weight
-Support tissues

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7
Q

Compact Bone

A

densely packed type of bone tissue that makes up bulk of the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones

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8
Q

Spongy Bone

A

act as little beams (trabeculae) by resisting stress and transferring force

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9
Q

Types of Bone

A

-Long; femur/humeri
-Short; carpals
-Flat; sternum
-Irregular; vertebrae
-Sesamoid; patella

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10
Q

3 Types of Cartilage

A

-Fibrocartilage
-Elastic cartilage
-Hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

toughest; affords great tensile strength

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12
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

pliable; maintains shape of structures

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13
Q

Hyaline (or Articular) cartilage

A

most abundant; found in the majority of joints involving motion

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14
Q

What is Cartilage?

A

a dense web of collagen and elastin fibers embedded in a gelatinous ground substance

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15
Q

What does Cartilage help with?

A

-Provides a smooth, low friction surface for movement and endures tremendous loading

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16
Q

What does Fascial Tissue help with?

A

-Generate tension, allow tissues to slide smoothly over each other

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17
Q

What is Fascial Tissue?

A

-the body’s sheets, cables, conduits, and padding; composed of loose or dense connective tissue

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18
Q

What are the 3 groups of Facial Tissues?

A
  1. Sheets (proper fascia)
  2. Cables (tendon and ligament)
  3. Other variations (superficial fascia and periosteum)
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19
Q

What are the types of Proper Fascia?

A

-Fascia Profunda
-Septa
-Aponeurosis
-Retinacula
-Joint Capsules

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20
Q

Fascia Profunda

A

-surrounds muscle bellies, holds them together and separates them into functional groups

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21
Q

Septa

A

-Separates various muscles of the extremities, so that they can perform their independent functions

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22
Q

Aponeurosis

A

-Increase stability/strength

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23
Q

Retinacula

A

-Bind and stabilize the tendons that cross the joints

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24
Q

Joint Capsules

A

-Provide joint stability and containment

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25
Ligaments
-Connect bones together at a joint; crosshatched fibers support multidirectional stresses
26
Tendons
-Connects bone to muscle; parallel fibers are pulled unidirectional which move the bone
27
Tensional Network
-Interconnected fascial tissues (fasciae, tendons, ligaments, etc.)
28
Connective Tissue Network
-Tensional Network plus bones and cartilage surrounded by body fluid; Holistic system
29
Functions of the Connective Tissue Network
-Form the complete Structural Framework -Provides Mechanical Support
30
Classes of joints based on Function
-Synarthrosis -Amphiarthrosis -Diarthrosis
31
Synarthrosis
-have little or no movement
32
Amphiarthrosis
-allow minimal to moderate movement
33
Diarthrosis
freely moveable
34
Classes of joints based on Structure
-Fibrous -Cartilaginous -Synovial
35
Fibrous
joined by fibrous interosseous connective tissue that directly unites one bone to another
36
Cartilaginous
joined by either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
37
Synovial
ends of bony components are free to move in relation to one another
38
Types of Fibrous Joints
-Suture -Syndesmoses -Gomphoses
39
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
-Symphysis -Synchondrosis
40
5 Characteristics of Synovial Joints
-Joint cavity -Joint capsule -Synovial membrane -Hyaline cartilage -Synovial fluid
41
Additional characteristics a Synovial Joint might have
-Capsular ligament -Bursae -Fibro-cartilaginous support structures -Blood vessels -Sensory nerves
42
2 Sub-Classifications of Synovial Joint
-Based on geometry -Based on number of axes
43
Synovial Joints Based on Geometry
-Plane, Ball-and-Socket, Condyloid (Ellipsoid), Saddle, Hinge and, Pivot (Gliding)
44
Synovial Joints Based on # of Axes
-Uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial
45
Uniaxial Synovial Joints
Hinge (Humeroulnar) and Pivot (atlantoaxial) Joints
46
Biaxial Synovial Joints
Condyloid (radiocarpal) and Saddle (thumb base) Joints
47
Building a Knee Synovial Joint
1. Meniscus 2. Hyaline cartilage 3. Ligament 4. Fat pad 5. Bursa 6. Joint capsule 7. Synovial membrane + fluid
48
Triaxial Synovial Joints
Plane (foot joints) and Ball-and-Socket (hip) Joints
49
Osteokinematics
rotary movement of bony levers in space during physiological joint motion
50
Osteokinematics described by
-Plane, axis, and direction; ex: Active and Passive ROM
51
Arthrokinematics
-changes in articular contact that occur during osteokinematic motion
52
Arthrokinematics described by
-Roll, slide, and spin; accessory motion
53
Active ROM
-degree of movement that a client can produce using his/her own strength and volition
54
Passive ROM
-Distance that you (practitioner), can passively mobilize your client's joint
55
Hypermobility
an excess of joint motion
56
Hypomobility
fail/constraints to joint mobility
57
End-feel
-sensation/palpable quality to the restriction during passive ROM
58
Soft end-feel
-a motion that is limited by approximation of soft tissues (ex: elbow flexion)
59
Firm end-feel
a motion limited by capsuloligamentous restraints (ex: knee extension)
60
Hard end-feel
-a motion with a bony limitation (ex: elbow extension)
61
Roll
-refers to the rolling of one joint surface on another
62
Glide (slide)
-refers to the linear translation of one component on another
63
Spin
-refers to the rotation of the moving component
64
Convex-Concave Rule
the relationship between the osteo/arthro kinematics can differ depending on the shape of the moving and stable surfaces
65
What happens when the convex surface moves and the concave surface is stable?
roll and slide occur in OPPOSITE directions
66
What happens when the concave surface moves and the convex surface is stable?
-roll and slide will occur in the SAME direction
67
Joint play (Accessory Movement)
-freedom of movement of one articular surface on another -movement that could occur at a joint, but it is not reliant on voluntary control
68
Loose-packed position (incongruent)
-the point in the joint's range where the capsule and ligaments provide the least restraint to passive sliding -minimal overlap
69
Close-packed position (congruent)
-the point in the ROM where minimal or no joint play between articular surfaces is expected -greatest possible amount of overlap; ex: full knee ext.
70
Range of Motion (ROM)
-the amount of movement of a joint expressed in degrees
71
What factors affects ROM?
-shape of joint, elasticity of joint capsule and ligaments, muscle's strength and tightness, injury/guarding against pain, age, genetics, and gender
72
Resisted ROM
-client attempting to perform action against your resistance
73
Open Kinetic Chain
-one end is free to move when the other is fixed; ex: curling a dumbbell
74
Closed Kinetic Chain
-both ends are fixed; pull up/push up
75
Nervous System
-Sends, receives, and relays messages to every corner of the body
76
Neuromuscular system (not really a system)
-critical nerve and muscle components, and the roles they play in the production of human motion
77
Central Nervous System (CNS)
-Regulates all bodily functions and responds to external stimuli
78
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
-Middleman network of motor and sensory fibers that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
79
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
-Situated beside the spinal cord and involved in control of glands, blood vessels, and viscera
80
Voluntary movements
-Manages the performance of a conscious task
81
Involuntary movement
-Carried out subconsciously below your conscious awareness
82
CNS (brain and spinal cord)
-Interprets incoming sensory information and sending out instructions in the form of motor responses
83
PNS (neural tissue)
-Branches and tributaries will innervate and relay info. to and from your skeletal muscles
84
ANS
-Regulate automatic, instinctive functions; sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
85
Parts of Neuron
1. Cell body: contain nucleus 2. Dendrites: extend off the cell body 3. Single axon: long axon reach away from cell body 4. Myelin: rolls coated on the sides of the axon
86
Functions of the Neuron
-to receive sensory information, to process data and to transmit signals
87
2 Properties of the Neuron
1. Excitability 2. Conductibility
88
Excitability
-Capacity to respond to stimuli and translate them into nerve impulses
89
Conductibility
-Ability to communicate those impulses to other neurons, glands, or muscles
90
Classifications on the Neuron
1. Sensory neurons 2. Motor neurons 3. Interneurons
91
Sensory (efferent) Neuron
-Transmit sensory impulses to the brain and spinal chord
92
Motor (efferent) Neuron
-Sends motor impulses from the brain and spinal chord to the muscles
93
Interneurons ( association neurons)
-Carry signals between neurons in the brain and spinal chord
94
Building a Neuron
1. Parts 2. Function 3. Classify 4. Synapse 5. Assembled synapse = nerve 6. Wrap in endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium
95
Cranial Nerves
-24 nerves that primarily innervate the cranium and sense organs of the head, few cervical muscles and aspects of the viscera
96
Spinal Nerves
-4 Nervi plexus: intersecting nerves -12 pairs of Thoracic nerves
97
4 Nerve Plexus Nerves
1. Cervical (C1-C5) 2. Brachial (C5-T1) 3. Lumbar (L1-L4) 4. Sacral (L4-S4)
98
Thoracic Nerves
T1-T12
99
Oblique Plane
-Combines 2-3 cardinal planes

Kinesiology Term 1 (16 decks)

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