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Kinesiology Term 1 > Hip Complex > Flashcards

Hip Complex Flashcards

1
Q

Hip Joint

A

Coxofemoral Joint

OR

Femoroacetabular Joint

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2
Q

Hip does what

A

Support weight of head, arms, trunk (HAT)

Structured primarily to serve weightbearing function

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3
Q

Hip joint articulation

A

Acetabulum of pelvis
AND
Head of femur

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4
Q

Hip Joint Classification

A

Diarthrodial
Synovial
Ball-and-Socket
3 DOF

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5
Q

Hip Osteokinematics

A

Flexion/Extension
Abduction/Adduction
Medial(IR)/Lateral(ER) rotation

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6
Q

Hip Open-packed Position

A

30 deg Flexion, 30 deg ABd, slight ER

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7
Q

Hip Closed-packed Position

A

Max extension, slight ABd, IR

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8
Q

Proximal Joint structure:
Pelvis 3 Bones

A

Ilium (2/5ths)
Ischium (2/5ths)
Pubis (1/5th)

All contribute/create to acetabulum

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9
Q

Full ossification of the pelvis happens between what ages?

A

20-25 years

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10
Q

Proximal Joint structure:
Acetabulum

A

Lunate surface
Acetabuluar notch
Acetabular fossa

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11
Q

Proximal:
Lunate surface

A

Horseshoe-shaped
Covered in a hyaline cartilage
Only to articulate with head of femur
Allows contact stress to be evenly distributed

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12
Q

Proximal:
Acetabular notch

A

Inferior aspect of the lunate surface
Transverse acetabular ligament-fibrous band connecting 2 inferior ends of lunate surface
Creates a fibro-osseous tunnel to acetabular fossa (fibroelastic fat covered with synovial membrane)

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13
Q

Proximal:
Acetabular fossa

A

Deepest aspect
Does NOT articulate with femoral head

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14
Q

Proximal:
Normal orientation of acetabulum

A

Faces lateral, inferior, slightly anterior*

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15
Q

Proximal:
Center edge angle of the acetabulum

A

Measures depth of acetabulum in the frontal plane
Normal: 25-40 degrees

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16
Q

Proximal:
Acetabular Dysplasia

A

<25 degrees
Abnormally shallow acetabulum
Lack of coverage of femoral head
Can lead to:
-Instability of the hip
-Increased loading of superior acetabular rim

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17
Q

Proximal:
Coxa Profunda/Acetabular Protrusio

A

> 40 degrees
Acetabulum excessively covers the femoral head
Can lead to:
-Mechanical ROM restriction
-Impingement between femoral head-neck junction and acetabulum

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18
Q

Proximal:
Anteversion

A

Acetabulum is positioned anteriorly in the transverse plane

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19
Q

More anteversion or less inclination:

A

Instability

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20
Q

Proximal:
Retroversion

A

Acetabulum is positioned posteriorly in the transverse plane

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21
Q

Distal:
More retroversion or more inclination:

A

Over coverage and impingement between acetabulum femoral head-neck junction

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22
Q

What does all of the acetabular abnormalities lead to?

A

Pathologies, including excessive cartilage wear and osteoarthritis

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23
Q

Proximal:
Acetabular Labrum

A

Wedge-shaped fibrocartilage ring
Attached to outer periphery of acetabulum by calcified cartilage
Nerve endings present:
-Proprioception (enhance stability)
-Pain (source/signal)
Transverse Acetabular Ligament

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24
Q

What happens when the labrum is compromised?

A

Friction stresses increases, deterioration of articular cartilage of hip joint =osteoarthritis

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25
Proximal: Functions of the acetabular labrum
Deepens socket Increases concavity = femur head+acetabulum Acts as a seal = stability
26
An abnormal shallow acetabulum increases what?
Stress on the surrounding capsule and labrum
27
Proximal: Transverse Acetabular Ligament
A continuation of the acetabulum labrum Serves as a tension band between anteroinferior and posteroinferior aspects of acetabulum Protects blood vessels that travel beneath it
28
Acetabular labral tears are increasingly recognized as a source of:
hip pain and as a starting point for degenerative changes at the acetabular rim
29
What are some of the potential symptoms of a torn labrum?
anterior groin pain, clicking, locking, catching, instability, giving way, or joint stiffness
30
Distal Joint structure: Femur
Head of femur Neck of femur Shaft of femur
31
Distal: Head of femur
Covered in hyaline cartilage 2/3 of a sphere Fovea- roughened pit serves as attachment site for ligamentum teres Ligamentum teres-ligament of the head of the femur
32
T/F The radius of curvature of the femoral head is smaller in women than in men in comparison with the dimensions of the pelvis
True
33
Distal: Neck of femur
Angulated so that the femoral head faces medially, superiorly, and anteriorly
34
Distal: Angle of Inclination
Frontal plane Between axis through femoral head & neck and longitudinal axis of femoral shaft Normal: 125 degrees
35
T/F Women have a larger angle of inclination than men.
False; the angle of inclination is somewhat smaller than it is in men, owing to the greater width of the female pelvis.
36
Distal: Coxa Valga
Pathological INCREASE >125 deg Creates "longer limb" Can be associated with: -Decreased length of hip ABD MA -Decreased joint instability (less articular surface contact) =can result in hip dislocation
37
Distal: Coxa Vara
Pathological DECREASE <125 deg Creates a "shorter limb" Can be associated with: -Increased length of hip ABD MA -Increased joint stability (more coverage) SN: Shear, bending forces =likely to Fx
38
Distal: What can coxa vara and valga lead to?
abnormal lower extremity biomechanics altered muscle function gait abnormalities that contribute to pathologies such as labral pathology, hip and knee osteoarthritis, and slipped capital femoral epiphysis
39
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)
Common adolescent hip disorder; weightbearing forces may slide the femoral head inferiorly. Surgical intervention - complication of an unstable femoral epiphysis
40
Distal: Angle of torsion
Transverse plane Axis through femoral head and neck and an axis through distal femoral condyles Normal: 10-20 degrees ANTEVERSION in adults
41
Distal: Femoral anteversion
Pathological increase >20 deg Reduces joint stability
42
Distal: Femoral retroversion
Pathological decrease <15 deg
43
Excessive and decreased femoral anteversion in toe type gait
Excessive anteversion = Toe in Decreased anteversion = Toe out
44
Distal: Accessory structures
~Joint Capsule -Longitudinal fibers: attached proximal acetabular rim and labrum -Oblique fibers: form collar around the femoral neck -Zona orbicularis: Prevents distraction -Thicker anterosuperior, weaker posteroinferior
45
Distal: Accessory structures
~Femoral neck: intracapsular ~Greater and lesser trochanters: extracapsular
46
Distal: Accessory structures
~Synovial membrane: lines capsule -Retinacular fibers: carry blood vessels to supply head and neck
47
Distal: Accessory structures
~Bursae -3 commonly described and associated with their corresponding musculature
48
Distal: Ligamentum Teres
Location: Acetabular notch | Fovea of femur Function: Blood supply to femoral head | Checks hip rotation at >90 deg hip flexion
49
Distal: Iliofemoral ("Y") Ligament
Location: Apex-AIIS | Intertrochanteric line of femur (Anterior; inverted Y) Function: Checks excessive ER
50
Distal: Pubofemoral Ligament
Location: Pubic portion of acetabular rim | Blends w/ iliofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments (Anterior) Function: Controls ER in an extended position
51
Distal: Ischiofemoral Ligament
Location: POSTERIOR acetabular rim | Fibers spiral around femoral neck | Blend w/ capsule and insert on inner surface of greater trochanter Function: Primary restraint to IR
52
Optimal articular contact occurs with combined:
flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation (ER)
53
When is the capsuloligamentous tension least?
The capsuloligamentous tension at the hip joint is least when the hip is in mid-range flexion, slight abduction, and mid-rotation.
54
Distal: Structural Adaptations of Femur
~Trabecular systems -Line up in femur along lines of stress -Structural scaffolding
55
Distal: Medial Trabecular system
-Medial cortex of upper femoral shaft -Oriented along vertical COMPRESSIVE forces
56
Distal: Lateral Trabecular system
-Lateral cortex of upper femoral shaft -Oblique orientation in response to SHEAR forces
57
Distal: Trabecular Secondary Systems
~Secondary systems: Compressive (med) and Tensile (lat) ~Femoral neck: Zone of weakness
58
Hip Joint Open Kinetic Chain
Convex femoral head ON Concave acetabulum =Opposite Roll + Glide
59
Hip Joint Closed Kinetic Chain
Concave acetabulum ON Convex femoral head =Same Roll + Glide
60
Hip flexion Arthrokinematics in Open Kinetic Chain
In sagittal plane Anterior roll Posterior glide
61
Hip Extension Arthrokinematics in Open Kinetic Chain
In sagittal plane Posterior Roll Anterior Glide
62
Hip ABduction Arthrokinematics in Open Kinetic Chain
In frontal plane Superior Roll Inferior Glide
63
Hip ADduction Arthrokinematics in Open Kinetic Chain
In frontal plane Inferior Roll Superior Glide
64
Hip Internal Rotation (IR) Arthrokinematics in Open Kinetic Chain
In transverse plane Anterior Roll Posterior Glide
65
Hip External Rotation (ER) Arthrokinematics in Open Kinetic Chain
In transverse plane Posterior Roll Anterior Glide
66
Pelvic Anterior Tilt Arthrokinematics in Closed Kinetic Chain
In sagittal plane / coronal axis BIL Hip flexion if standing on both legs Hip flexion only on WB leg when SLS
67
Pelvic Posterior Tilt Arthrokinematics in Closed Kinetic Chain
In sagittal plane / coronal axis BIL Hip extension if standing on both legs Hip extension only on WB leg when SLS
68
Lateral Pelvic Tilt Arthrokinematics in Closed Kinetic Chain
In frontal plane / A-P axis | SLS WB is axis; Non-WB is where movement happens Pelvic Hike: On Right = Left Hip ABd On Left = R Hip ABd Pelvic Drop: On Right = Left Hip ADd On Left = R Hip ADd
69
Lateral Shift of Pelvis Arthrokinematics in Closed Kinetic Chain
In frontal plane / A-P axis| BIL WB | Pelvic drop R Pelvic Shift: Right hip ADd Left hip ABd L Pelvic Shift: Right side ABd Left side ADd
70
Forward / Backward Pelvic Rotation
In transverse plane / longitudinal axis | Axis is the WB Leg Forward Rotation: Right around Left = Medial rotation of Left Hip Left around Right = Medial rotation of Right Hip Backward Rotation: Right around Left = Lateral rotation of Left Hip Left around Right = Lateral rotation of Right Hip
71
Pelvi-femoral Rhythm
Open kinetic chain Continuous relationship between femur, pelvis, and spine to increase overall available ROM for distal segment
72
Lumbopelvic Rhythm
Closed kinetic chain Continuous relationship between spine, pelvis, and femur to increase overall available ROM for distal segment
73
What are some examples of activities where the hip support HAT?
Static erect posture and dynamic postures like: -ambulation/gait -running -stair climbing
74
Hip joint structure is influenced more by what?
By the demands placed on the joint when the limb is bearing weight
75
How many muscles cross the hip?
9; rectus femoris, iliacus, psoas major, tensor fascia latae, sartorius, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor magnus, and gracilis
76
The major muscles that contribute most of the flexion torque
the rectus femoris, iliopsoas, tensor fascia latae, and sartorius
77
Muscles assisting with hip flexion
the pectineus, adductor longus, adductor magnus, and gracilis
78
The hip adductor muscle group lies on the anteromedial aspect of the thigh and includes
the pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, and the gracilis muscles.
79
The primary hip extensors cross the joint posteriorly and include
the one-joint gluteus maximus muscle and the two-joint hamstrings muscle group (LH biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus)
80
Muscles assisting hip extension
the posterior fibers of the gluteus medius, from the posterior fibers of the adductor magnus muscle, and from the piriformis muscle
81
The prime muscles responsible for producing hip abduction lie on the lateral side of the joint and include
the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles.
82
Muscles assisting hip abduction
The superior fibers of the gluteus maximus, the sartorius, and the tensor fascia lata muscle only during simultaneous hip flexion.
83
What are the 6 short muscles function primarily as lateral rotators of the hip joint and pass posterior to the joint axis in a mediolateral direction.
obturator internus and externus, the gemellus superior and inferior, the quadratus femoris, and the piriformis muscles.
84
What are the primary muscles producing medial rotation of the hip?
There are no muscles with a primary function of producing medial rotation of the hip joint. The more consistent medial rotators are the anterior portion of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor fascia lata muscles.
85
When bilateral stance is not symmetrical, what muscle activity will be necessary either to control the side-to-side motion or to return the hips to symmetrical stance?
frontal plane muscle activity (abd/add; mainly abd)
86
What happens if inadequate abduction torque is created (e.g., from a weakened gluteus medius)?
the pelvis will drop on the contralateral side.
87
In a unilateral stance, what needs to be active in order to keep the pelvis level?
Hip abductors must be active
88
Compensatory Lateral Lean of the Trunk
Reduces MA of the gravitational force by shifting the line of gravity closer to the hip joint

Kinesiology Term 1 (16 decks)

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