Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kinesiology Term 1 > Ankle and Foot Complex > Flashcards

Ankle and Foot Complex Flashcards

1
Q

Ankle/Foot Complex

A

Adaptations that optimize its primary role to bear weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The complementing structures of the ankle/foot complex permit:

A

Both stability and mobility, depending on current needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the foot need to do in order for pushing off when walking, running, or jumping?

A

Be stable to provide an adequate base of support and to function as a rigid lever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why does the foot need to be mobile?

A

To adapt to uneven terrain, absorb shock as the foot hits the ground, and control forces imposed by the more proximal joints of the lower extremity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many bones and component joints?

A

28 Bones; 25 Joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 Functional Segments of the Foot

A

Rearfoot (posterior): Calcaneus and Talus
Midfoot (middle): Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms
Forefoot (anterior): Metatarsals and Phalanges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Motions of the Foot

A

Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion
Inversion / Eversion
Abduction / Adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion

A

Sagittal plane around a coronal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Inversion / Eversion

A

Frontal plane around a longitudinal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Abduction / Adduction

A

Transverse plane around a vertical axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Motion at the Toes

A

Sagittal plane around a coronal axis
Flex: toes down
Ext: toes up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pronation / Supination of the Foot

A

Occur around an axis that lies at an angle to each of the axes for “cardinal” motions

Composite Motions = Combination of the other motions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Non-weightbearing Pronation

A

DF, EV, ABD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Non-weightbearing Supination

A

PF, INV, ADD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Valgus

A

Increase in medial angle between two bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Calcaneovalgus

A

An increase in the medial angle between the calcaneus and posterior leg

> 180 deg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Varus

A

Decrease in the medial angle between two joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Calcaneovarus

A

A decrease in the medial angle between the calcaneus and posterior leg

<180 deg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ankle Joint: Talocrural Joint
Type of Joint

A

~Synovial Hinge Joint
~1 DOF: DF/PF
~Proximal articular surfaces:
–>Concave mortise:
—–>Distal tibia (tibia plafond)
—–>Malleoli: Medial (tibia), Lateral (fibular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many degrees of DF is needed for normal gait?

A

10 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ankle Joint:
Talocrural Joint

A

Ankle mortise is adjustable
~Proximal TFJ
~Distal TFJ
~Interosseous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ankle
Proximal Tibiofibular Joint

A

~Plane synovial joint between:
—>Head of fibula and Posterolateral aspect of tibia
~Most common pattern
—>Convex tibial facet
—>Concave fibular facet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ankle
Distal Tibiofibular Joint

A

~Syndesmosis between:
—>Concave tibial facet
—->Convex fibular facet
~Separated by fibroadipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ankle
Interosseous membrane

A

~Directly supports both articulations - Prox. and Dist. TFJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ankle Mortise adjustability

A

~Inherently stable
—>Boney congruency
—>Ligamentous support
~Requires mobility for normal function:
—>Primarily due to FIBULA (transmits <10% weightbearing forces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ankle Distal Articular Surface

A

~Body of Talus has 3 facets
1. Lateral/fibular: larger
2. Medial/tibial: smaller
3. Trochlear/superior: Convex and Central groove (slight angle)
~Wider anteriorly: Wedge-shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ankle Joint Structure

A

~Capsule: fairly weak (anteriorly and posteriorly)
~Medial CL
~Lateral CL
~Superior Peroneal Retinaculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ankle Medial Collateral Ligament
“Deltoid Ligament”

A

~Fan-shaped
~Extremely Strong
~Checks eversion and pronation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lateral Collateral Ligament

A

~3 Bands
1. Anterior talofibular
2. Posterior talofibular
3. Calcaneofibular
~Weaker
~Checks inversion and supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Superior Peroneal Retinaculum

A

~Lies close to parallel to the CFL
~Reinforces CFL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Talocrural Joint
Oblique Joint Axis

A

~Downward angulation from medial to lateral of 14 degrees from transverse plane
~Rotated 23 degrees from the frontal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Talocrural Joint
Shape of Talus

A

~Wedge-shaped (wider anteriorly)
~Through DF, the talus will “wedge” into the mortise (separates tibia and fibula)
~Supports and enhances stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Talocrural Joint
Closed-Pack position

A

Max DF

34
Q

Talocrural Joint
Open-Pack position

A

10 deg PF

35
Q

Talocrural Joint
Arthrokinematics

A

Open Chain: Convex on Concave

Closed Chain: Concave on Convex

36
Q

Talocrural Joint
Joint Function

A

~Overall AMOUNT of motion and PLANES of motion is variable
~Important:
-Observed limitation in DF Post injury and surgery
~Prox. TFJ:
-Concave fibular facet
-Convex tibial joint
~Dist. TFJ:
-Convex fibular head
-Concave tibial facet

37
Q

Allow fine tuning for normal ROM in all 3 planes

A

Proximal and Distal Tibiofibular Joints

38
Q

Subtalar Joint
3 Plane Articulations

A

~Posterior
~Anterior and Middle
~Tarsal Canal

39
Q

Subtalar Joint
Posterior

A

~Largest, receives 75% force transmission
~Concave talar facet
~Convex Calcaneal facet

40
Q

Subtalar Joint
Anterior and Middle

A

~Smaller
~Each have a convex talar facet
~Each have a concave calcaneal facet

41
Q

Subtalar Joint
Tarsal Canal

A

~Creates 2 separate joint cavities
~Posterior articulation: individual capsule
~Anterior and middle articulations: share capsule with talonavicular joint
~Sinus Tarsi: large end of canal
—>anterior to fibular malleolus

42
Q

Subtalar Joint
Cervical Ligament

A
  • Strongest
  • Lies anterior to sinus tarsi
  • Joins neck of talus to neck of calcaneus
43
Q

Subtalar Joint
Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

A

Lies medially in tarsal canal
Runs obliquely from talus to calcaneus

44
Q

Subtalar Joint Function

A

Axis of motion:
* 42° inclination up from the
transverse plane
* 16° medially from an AP axis
* Therefore motion crosses all
3 planes

45
Q

Subtalar Joint Function

A

2 DoF commonly described:
* Inversion/eversion
* Varus/valgus
* Pronation/supination
* Pronation and supination=component motions of 3 cardinal
planes

46
Q

Subtalar Joint Arthrokinematics

A

Posterior: concave talus on convex calcaneus *
Anterior and middle: convex talus on concave calcaneus

47
Q

Supination Non-Weightbearing

A

Calcaneal inversion
Calcaneal adduction
Calcaneal plantarflexion

48
Q

Supination Weightbearing

A

Calcaneal inversion
Talar abduction
Talar dorsiflexion

49
Q

Pronation Non-Weightbearing

A

Calcaneal eversion
Calcaneal abduction
Calcaneal dorsiflexion

50
Q

Pronation Weightbearing

A

Calcaneal eversion
Talar adduction
Talar plantarflexion

51
Q

Foot Posture
Pes Planus (Flatfoot)

A

Hyper-Pronation

52
Q

Foot Posture
Pes Cavus (high arch)

A

Hyper-Supination

53
Q

Subtalar Joint
Closed Chain Implications

A

~Subtalar supination
* Tibiofibular lateral rotation
~Subtalar pronation
* Tibiofibular medial rotation

54
Q

Subtalar Joint
ROM

A
  • Subtalar Neutral
  • Controversial
  • Normal: 3.5° valgus
  • Calcaneal eversion (valgus) 5-10°
  • Calcaneal inversion (varus) 20-30°
  • Pronation/Supination
  • Difficult to measure
55
Q

Subtalar Joint
Open-Packed position

A

Inversion/Plantarflexion

56
Q

Transverse Tarsal Joint
“Transverse Tarsal” or “Chopart” Joint

A

Formed by: Talonavicular and Calcaneocuboid Joints

57
Q

Transverse Tarsal Joint
Talonavicular Joint

A
  • “ball” head of talus
  • “socket” formed anteriorly by concavity in
    navicular, inferiorly by anterior and
    middle calcaneal facets
  • Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
  • “spring ligament”
  • Sustentaculum tali to inferior navicular
  • Continuous medially with portion of deltoid
    ligament and joins bifurcate ligament laterally
  • Important passive stabilizer to medial
    longitudinal arch
58
Q

Transverse Tarsal Joint
Calcaneocuboid Joint

A

Anterior calcaneus
* Posterior cuboid
* Reciprocal saddle-shaped
* Reinforced via:
* Joint capsule
* Bifurcate ligament
* Dorsal CCL, short plantar ligament
* Long plantar ligament
* Supports TTJ and lateral longitudinal
arch

59
Q

Joint Function:
Transverse Tarsal Joint

A

Motion is described as the talus and
calcaneus MOVING TOGETHER ON the
navicular and cuboid
~Longitudinal axis
~Oblique axis

60
Q

Transverse Tarsal Joint
Longitudinal axis

A
  • Inclined 15° from the transverse
    plane
  • Inclined 9° medially from sagittal
    plane
  • Triplanar-
    supination/pronation
  • IV/EV moments
    predominate
61
Q

Transverse Tarsal Joint
Oblique axis

A
  • Inclined 52° superiorly from
    transverse plane
  • Inclined 57° from the sagittal plane
  • Triplanar-
    supination/pronation
  • DF/PF and ABD/ADD
    predominate
62
Q

Transverse Tarsal Joint
Big Picture

A

Subtalar joint and Transverse Tarsal joints are mechanically linked
* Transitional link between:
* Rearfoot
* Forefoot
* Purpose:
* Add to the supination/pronation ROM of subtalar joint
* In WBIng or NWBing
* Compensate the forefoot for rearfoot position

63
Q

Transverse Tarsal Joint
Open-Packed position

A

Pronation

64
Q

Transverse Tarsal Joint
Closed-Packed position

A

Full Supination

65
Q

Tarsometatarsal Joints

A
  • Plane, synovial Joints
  • Between distal row of tarsals and bases of
    metatarsals
  • 1st TMT: own joint capsule
  • 2nd -3rd ; 4th -5th : share joint capsules
  • Deep Transverse Metatarsal Ligament:
  • Prevents excessive splaying of the metatarsal
    heads
66
Q

Joint Function:
Tarsometatarsal Joints

A

Ray: functional unit
* 1-3: metatarsal + associated cuneiform
* 4-5: metatarsal alone

67
Q

Joint Function:
Tarsometatarsal Joints Axis of Motion

A
  • First Ray: oblique
  • DF is coupled with IV and ADD
  • PF is coupled with EV and ABD
  • Fifth Ray: oblique
  • DF coupled with EV and ABD
  • PF coupled with IV and ADD
  • Third Ray: close to coronal axis
  • DF/PF
68
Q

Joint Structure: Metatarsophalangeal Joints

A
  • Condyloid, synovial joints
  • 2 DOF:
  • extension/flexion (DF/PF)
  • ABD/ADD
69
Q

Metatarsophalangeal Joints
Arthrokinematics

A

Convex: metatarsal head
Concave: base of proximal
phalange

70
Q

Metatarsophalangeal Joints
1st Metatarsal

A

2 sesamoid bones
Anatomical pulley for Flexor Hallucis Brevis

71
Q

Metatarsophalangeal
Joints Supported by:

A

Plantar plates
Joint capsule
Collateral ligaments

72
Q

Joint Function:
Metatarsophalangeal
Joints

A
  • Metatarsal Break
  • Hinge or “break” point
  • Located at the metatarsal heads as they move into
    extension
  • 36-65° overall during gait
  • Approx 60-70° at first MTP alone
  • Occurs as the heel rises and the metatarsal heads +
    toes remain weightbearing
  • Convex metatarsal heads move on concave
    phalanges
  • Around an oblique axis
73
Q

Joint Structure: Interphalangeal Joints

A

Synovial, hinge joints
1 DOF: Ext/Flex
Great toe: 1 IP joint
Toes 2-5: 2 IP joints each
Essentially each phalanx is identical in structure to hand

74
Q

Plantar Arches
3 Arches

A
  1. Medial longitudinal arch
    * Largest
    * Apex: talus
  2. Lateral longitudinal arch
    3.Transverse arch
    * Apex at the distal metatarsals: second metatarsal
    * Apex at the TMT joints: middle cuneiform
75
Q

Plantar Arches

A

Arthrology contributes to first level of stability
* Medial longitudinal arch support:
* Spring ligament, interosseous TC ligament, deltoid ligament, plantar
aponeurosis
* Lateral longitudinal arch support:
* Long and short plantar ligaments

76
Q

Function: Plantar Arches

A

~Mobility
* Dampen impact of weightbearing forces
* Dampen rotational motions
* Adapt to surface changes
~Stability
* Allow distribution of weight through the foot for proper weightbearing
* Convert to a rigid lever in gait

77
Q

Function: Plantar Arches
Plantar Aponeurosis (plantar fascia)

A

Runs length of the foot
* Metatarsal heads act as pulleys:
* During extension tension is placed on the
plantar aponeurosis
* With progression, heel and MTPs are
drawn closer together
* Longitudinal arch height increases
* Contributes to supination of the foot
(rigid lever for push off)
* Called the: windlass mechanism

78
Q
A
79
Q

Muscular Contributions
To Arches

A

~Posterior tibialis
* Most consistent function in medial
longitudinal arch support
~Plantar intrinsics
* Active in quiet bilateral stance and in gait

80
Q

Muscular Contributions
To the Ankle and Foot

A
  • No muscle acts on one joint in isolation
  • Position of the muscle relative to the axis dictates
    function
  • Anterior to talocrural:
  • DF moments
  • Posterior to talocrural
  • PF moments
  • Medial to subtalar:
  • Supination moments
  • Lateral to subtalar:
  • Pronation moments

Kinesiology Term 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions