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Kinesiology Term 1 > Elbow Complex > Flashcards

Elbow Complex Flashcards

1
Q

Elbow Complex consists of:

A

-Elbow Joint; Humeroulnar + Humeroradial Joints
-Proximal radioulnar joint (PRUJ)
-Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ)

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2
Q

Elbow Functions

A

-Mobility for the hand by shortening or lengthening entire UE
-Stability for forceful movements (Ex: tools)
-Links shoulder to hand

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3
Q

Elbow Joint
(HUJ, HRJ)

A

Compound, modified/loose Hinge Joint
1 DOF; Flexion and Extension
Small amounts of axial rotation ABD/ADD of ulna

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4
Q

Proximal/ Distal Radioulnar Joints
(DRUJ) (PRUJ)

A

Linked; Function as 1 joint
Uniaxial, diarthrodial Pivot joint
1 DOF; Rotation of forearm (Pronation/Supination)

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5
Q

Humeroulnar (HUJ) Articulation

A

Trochlea of humerus with Trochlea notch of ulna

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6
Q

HUJ Open-Packed Position

A

70 deg supination; 10 deg flexion

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7
Q

HUJ Close-Packed Position

A

Full extension and supination

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8
Q

During elbow flexion at the HUJ, there is an ________ roll and _______ glide.

A

anterior; anterior

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9
Q

During elbow extension at the HUJ, there is a _______ roll and ________glide.

A

posterior; posterior

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10
Q

Humeroradial (HRJ) Articulation

A

Capitulum with Radial Head

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11
Q

HRJ Open-Packed Position

A

Full extension and supination

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12
Q

HRJ Close-Packed Position

A

90 deg flexion; 5 deg supination

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13
Q

During elbow flexion at the HRJ, there is a ______roll and a ______glide.

A

Anterior; anterior

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14
Q

During elbow extension at the HRJ, there is a _______ roll and ________glide.

A

Posterior; posterior

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15
Q

HUJ and HRJ Structures

A

-Joint capsule
-Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments

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16
Q

HUJ and HRJ Joint Capsule

A

-Fairly large, loose, weak anteriorly/posteriorly
-Synovial folds expand for full ROM
Synovial Membrane
-Lines olecranon, coronoid, radial fossae
-Lines medial trochlea and lower part of annular ligament
-Folds in to divide the HUJ and HRJ
Fat Pads
-Between capsule and synovial membrane
-By the olecranon, coronoid, radial fossae

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17
Q

HUJ and HRJ Medial (Ulnar) Collateral Ligament

A

Anterior bundle
-Primary restraint to valgus at 20-120 deg elbow flexion
Posterior bundle (vertically oriented)
-Limits elbow extension; guides motion throughout flexion
Transverse fibers
-Limits longitudinal distractions

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18
Q

HUJ and HRJ Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex

A

Lateral (radial) Collateral Ligament
Lateral (ulnar)Collateral Ligament
Annular Ligament
-stabilizes radial head against ulna

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19
Q

What does the HUJ and HRJ Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex do combined?

A

Restraint to varus
Restraint to combined varus + supination
Reinforces HRJ; limits distraction
Maintains posterolateral stability
Secures ulna to humerus (prevents dislocation)
Prevents forearm from rotating off humerus in valgus and supination during flexion from a fully extended position

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20
Q

HUJ and HRJ Axis of Motion

A

Centered in middle of trochlea on a line that intersects the longitudinal axis of the humerus
Carrying angle: Acute angle formed by long axis of humerus and forearm
-Normal:8-15 deg
-Cubitus valgus: >15 deg
-Cubitus varus: <5 deg

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21
Q

T/F Oblique axis results in a change in the relationship of the forearm and humerus when flexed.

A

True

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22
Q

Normal carrying angle with _______, ulna guided so that it’s in line with the same plane of the humerus when fully flexed.

A

Flexion

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23
Q

T/F Ulna medially guided from extension to flexion to put in the same plane as the humerus when fully flexed.

A

True

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24
Q

When cubitus valgus, going from extension to flexion, where does the forearm rest?

A

Forearm rest more medially when fully flexed

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25
When cubitus varus, going from extension to flexion, where does the forearm rest?
Forearm rests laterally to humerus
26
Why is the range of active flexion usually less than passive ?
Muscle bulk with contraction; decrease in approximation of joint surfaces
27
When is there more elbow flexion AROM?
when forearm is supinated
28
When is there less elbow flexion AROM?
when arm in neutral or pronated
29
Brachialis (Flexor)
Mobility Large CSA and work capacity volume MA greatest at 100 deg elbow flexion Not affected by shoulder position Activated with & without added resistance; slow & fast speeds
30
Biceps Brachii (Flexor)
Mobility Smaller CSA but largest work capacity volume MA greatest between 80-100 deg elbow flexion -Small as it approaches full elbow extension Activated without resistance IF elbow is supinated or in neutral (NOT in pronation) -when resistance increases beyond weight of limb, biceps is active in ALL positions Affected by shoulder position
31
Brachioradialis (flexor)
Stability Smallest CSA, larger peak MA 100-120 deg elbow flexion Not affected by shoulder position Not active during: -eccentric elbow flexion with supination -slow, unresisted, concentric elbow flexion Active during: -Increased speed -load is applied in forearm neutral OR full pronation
32
Triceps Brachii (extensor)
Mobility and Stability Prime Mover for elbow extension -Synergist to prevent elbow flexion when the biceps is acting as a supinator Max torque at 90 deg elbow flexion Long Head: -Affected by shoulder position -Active with heavy resistance to extension, with quick extension Medial Head: -Not affected by shoulder position -Active in unresisted elbow extension, with heavy resistance to extension, with quick extension Lateral Head: -Not affected by shoulder position -Active with heavy resistance to extension, with quick extension
33
Anconeus (extensor)
Stability 15% contribution to elbow extension torque Co-contracts with triceps to stabilize during functional tasks, dependent on load and speed
34
Proximal Radioulnar Joint (PRUJ) Articulation
Radial notch of ulna -annular ligament Rim of radial head HRJ
35
PRUJ Open-Packed Position
70 deg elbow flexion, 35 deg supination
36
PRUJ Close-Packed Position
5 deg supination, full extension
37
Distal Radioulnar Joint (DRUJ) Articulation
Ulnar notch of radius Articular disc -Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) Head of ulna
38
DRUJ Open-Packed Position
10 deg supination
39
DRUJ Close-Packed Position
5 deg supination
40
PRUJ and DRUJ are _____________ linked
mechanically
41
PRUJ Structure
Annular ligament Quadrate Ligament -Keeps radial head close to radial notch -Checks pronation/supination Oblique Cord -Assists with preventing separation of radius and ulna
42
DRUJ Structure
TFCC: divides DRUJ from the radiocarpal joint -Proximal surface: articulates with ulnar head at DRUJ -Distal surface: articulates with carpals -Both surfaces are concave Dorsal & Palmar Radioulnar ligaments
43
DRUJ and PRUJ Interosseous Membrane
Stabilizes both -Central band: prevents splaying -Membranous portion -Dorsal Oblique Cord Help transmit loads Radius to Ulna
44
DRUJ and PRUJ Axis of motion
Radius pivots around ulna during pronation and supination
45
With pronation at the PRUJ, there is _______ roll and ______glide.
anterior; posterior convex-concave
46
With pronation at the DRUJ, there is _______ roll and ______glide.
anterior; anterior concave-convex
47
With supination at the PRUJ, there is _______ roll and ______glide.
posterior; anterior Convex-concave
48
With supination at the DRUJ, there is _______ roll and ______glide.
posterior; posterior concave-convex
49
Range of pronation is at its maximal when elbow is ....
extended
50
Range of supination is at its maximal when elbow is ....
flexed
51
Pronator Teres (pronator)
Most efficient at 90 deg elbow flexion, between 40 deg supination & 40 deg pronation Long head crosses elbow MOBILITY for forearm pronation STABILITY for elbow flexion
52
Pronator Quadratus (pronator)
Mobility Most efficient at 90 deg elbow flexion, between 40 deg supination & 40 deg pronation Active in: -Unresisted & resisted pronation -Slow and fast speed
53
Supinator (supinator)
Mobility Peak torque achieved 40-50 deg of pronation Single-joint muscle Active in: -Unresisted slow supination in all positions -Unresisted fast supination when elbow is extended
54
Biceps (supinator)
Mobility Peak torque achieved 40-50 deg of pronation Activity: -always evident when supination is performed against resistance -during fast supination when elbow is flexed at 90 deg
55
Integrated Stability - Pronator quadratus
Deep head active throughout pronation & supination to support DRUJ
56
Integrated Stability - Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Stabilizes head of ulnar during pronation and supination at DRUJ
57
Integrated Stability - Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
-Active to stabilize DRUJ during pronation & supination -Supports forearm for griping during forceful pronation -Prime mover for wrist extension during supination
58
Integrated Stability - Radioulnar Ligaments
Prevent separation of radius and ulna during loading -allow approx. 5 mm of play May contribute to force transmission from radius to ulna through DRUJ -Dorsal: Taut in pronation -Palmar: Taut in supination
59
Integrated Stability - TFCC
Helps bind ulna and radius together Provides long-axis stabilization of radius and ulna by acting as a cushion
60
Integrated Stability - Interosseous membrane
Helps bind ulna and radius together Provides long-axis stabilization of radius and ulna
61
How is force distributed form the wrist to the humerus?
Radius --> Interosseous membrane --> Ulna --> Humerus

Kinesiology Term 1 (16 decks)

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