Joints Flashcards
Name the three types of joints?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
State the range of movement that can occur with each type
Fibrous: bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue. Little or no movement e.g. sutures between cranial bones
Cartilaginous: allow a small amount of movement. Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage e.g. epiphysial plates, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
Synovial Joints: Freely moving joint e.g pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, and ball-and socket-joints
Name two types of synovial joints
- Elbow
- Hip joint
- Knee joint
State the function of the synovial membrane
- To produce synovial fluid
State four functions of synovial fluid
- reduces friction between the cartilages by lubricating the joint. (so prevents heat production & wearing away of joint)
- Absorbs shocks
- Supplies the cartilage with O2 & nutrients removes CO2 & other wastes
- Contains phagocytes that remove microbes & debris
Describe two homeostatic imbalances that occur at synovial joints
Sprains
Dislocations
Describe Flexion?
– A decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Describe Extension?
– An increase in the angle between articulating bones
Describe Hypertension?
- Extension beyond the anatomical position.
Describe Abduction?
- Movement of a bone away from the midline
Describe adduction?
- Movement of a bone toward the midline
Describe Circumduction?
- Movement of the distal end of a part of the body in a circle
Describe Dorsiflexion?
- Flexing the foot at the ankle
Describe Planta flexion?
- Extending the foot at the ankle
Describe Inversion?
- Medial movement of the sole of the foot.
Describe Eversion?
- Lateral movement of the sole of the foot.
Describe Pronation?
- Rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly
Describe Supination?
- Rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly
What makes up the elbow joint?
- The elbow joint is formed by the humerus, radius and ulna
What makes up the knee joint?
- The knee joint is formed by the femur, tibia, patella.
What movements does the knee joint make?
- Flexion & extension, slight rotation
What movements are produced by a ball and socket joint?
- Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction
Describe a ball and socket joint?
- A ball that fits into a cup-like a socket
What makes up the shoulder joint?
- The shoulder joint forms between the glenoid cavity of the scapula & the head of the humerus
Explain why the hip joint is more stable than the shoulder joint?
- The hip joint forms between the acetabulum of the pelvis & the head of the femur.
- extremely stable joint - due to deep socket (acetabulum) and strong capsule/accessory ligaments and muscles
Describe three age-related changes that occur with joints?
- Decreased production of synovial fluid
- Thinning of the articular cartilage resulting in osteoarthritis
- Loss of ligament length and flexibility
- Degeneration of knees, elbows, hips & shoulders is evident in most people aged 80.
Describe the specific changes that occur with osteoarthritis?
- A degenerative joint disease characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage and bone spur formation
- Non-inflammatory and primarily affects weight-bearing joints
Explain the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
Osteoarthritis occurs when the smooth cartilage joint surface wears out. Osteoarthritis usually begins in an isolated joint.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, which means that the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body instead of intruders
