Introduction to Digestive System Flashcards
Name all the organs of the digestive tract in the correct sequence from when the food enters the mouth to the exit from the body?
- Parotid gland
- Pharynx
- Oesophagus
- Liver
- Stomach
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- Small intestines
- Large intestines
- Rectum
Name the 9 regions of the stomach?
- R hypochondriac region, L hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, R lumbar region, L lumbar region, umbilical region, R iliac region, L iliac region and Hypogastric region.
Name the 4 quadrants of the stomach?
R upper quadrant, L upper quadrant, R lower quadrant, L lower quadrant.
List the organs contained in the R hypochondriac region?
- Liver and gallbladder
List the organs contained in the L hypochondriac region?
- Stomach and pancreas
List the organs contained in the Epigastric region?
- Oesophagus and transverse colon
List the organs contained in the R lumbar region?
- Ascending colon
List the organs contained in the L lumbar region?
- Descending colon
List the organs contained in the Umbilical region?
- Smaller intestines
List the organs contained in the R iliac region?
- Appendix and caecum
List the organs contained in the L iliac region?
- Bit of the sigmoid colon
List the organs contained in the Hypogastric region?
Rectum and sigmoid colon
Name the six digestive processes?
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Motility
- Secretion
- Absorption
- Elimination
- Regulation
Describe Ingestion?
Process of taking food into the mouth, starting its journey through the digestive tract
Describe Digestion?
A group of processes that break complex nutrients into simpler ones, thus facilitating their absorption: mechanical digestion physically breaks large chunks into smaller bits: chemical digestion breaks molecules apart
Describe Motility?
Movement by the muscular components of the digestive, including processes of mechanical digestion: examples include peristalsis and segmentation
Describe Secretion?
Release of digestive juice: some digestive organs also secrete endocrine hormones that regulate digestion or metabolism of nutrients
What do digestive juices contain?
Enzymes, acids, bases, mucus, bile or other products that facilitate digestion
Describe Absorption?
Movement of digested nutrients through GI mucosa and into the internal environment
Describe Elimination?
Excretion of the residues of the digestive process (faeces) from the rectum, through the anus; defaecation
Describe Regulation?
Coordination of digestive activity
Name the four layers of the digestive tract?
- Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa
Describe the function of the Mucosa?
The innermost layer of the GI wall the layer facing the lumen. Mucosa is made up of three layers an inner mucous epithelium, a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue and a thin layer of smooth muscle.
Describe the function of the Submucosa layer?
The submucosa layer of the digestive tube is composed of connective tissue that is thicker than the mucosal layer. It contains numerous small glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves that form the submucosal plexus (Meissner plexus).
Describe the function of the Muscularis?
The muscularis is a thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps around the submucosa.
Describe the function of the serosa?
The serosa layer is the outermost layer of the GI wall. It is made up of serous membrane. The serosa is actually the visceral layer of the peritoneum—the serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers its organs. The lining attached to and covering the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity is called the parietal layer of the peritoneum. The fold of serous membrane that connects the parietal and visceral portions is called a mesentery. There are similar folds described in later chapters—all of which help hold the digestive organs in place without twisting or kinking.
Name the three layers of the peritoneum in the correct sequence, deep to superficial?
- Parietal layer: Lines the abdominopelvic cavity
- Peritoneal layer: Contains serous fluid
- Visceral layer: Covers Organs
State four functions of the tongue?
Taste, manipulates food for chewing, aids swallowing and articulates speech.
State two functions of saliva?
- Softens, moistens and dissolves food
- Cleans mouth and teeth
Name the four contents of saliva?
- Water, salivary amylase, mucus, lysozyme
Give a function for water in saliva?
Dissolves food to begin the digestive process and stimulate taste buds
Give a function for salivary in saliva?
Digests starch to maltose
Give a function for mucus in saliva?
Lubricates the food for movement and swallowing
Give a function for lysozyme in saliva?
Helps destroy bacteria
Define Gingivitis?
Inflammation of the gums
Define Halitosis?
Bad breath
State the location and function of the epiglottis?
Elastic cartilage that acts as a switching mechanism to cover the pathway to the trachea when u are swallowing. It is held open when breathing and pulled back during swallowin. Located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx.
Define dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing
State the function of the oesophagus?
Tube the extents from the pharynx to the stomach. First segment of the digestive tube. Lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Passage way for food
Name the entry & exit structures of the stomach
- Entry: oesophagus
- Exit: Duodenum
State the major function of the stomach?
- The mucosa has longitudinal folds called rugae which allow it to stretch.
- Food is converted to a creamy paste called chyme.
- Stomach is lined by a thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus to protect the muscle layers from strong stomach acid & protein-digesting enzymes.
- Chyme leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter.
State the specific function of HCL & mucus in the stomach?
- Hydrochloric acid (HCL): Kills microbes in food. H+ ions are actively pumped into Lumen by proton pumps
Describe the homeostatic imbalances that can occur with prolonged or severe vomiting?
- Excess vomiting can cause dehydration and disrupt the electrolyse and pH balance. As acid is lost the blood becomes more alkaline.
Digestion begins in the?
Mouth
The final products of protein digestion are?
Amino acids
The pyloric sphincter is found between the?
Stomach and duodenum
