Jeppesen/ERSA Theory Flashcards
What are the RVSM flight levels, and how much separation is provided?
FL290-FL410
1000ft Separation between RVSM approved aircraft
What does a declaration of MINIMUM FUEL mean?
It is not an emergency declaration, but is an indication that if any further delay occurs an emergency situation may result.
What does an RNP Value represent?
A containment value in nautical miles from the intended position in which the aircraft must be within 95% of the time
What is the difference between RV & RVR values?
RV = Runway Visibility = Human derived RVR = Runway Visual Range = Instrument derived
What does calling ‘Visual’ imply for ATC?
Indicate acceptance for responsibility to see and avoid obstacles when operating below MVA/MSA
For En-route displayed LSALTs what RNP is this based on?
RNP 2
In regards to LSALT calculations, what height of obstacles are considered?
Unreported obstacles may exist up to 360ft, so the min LSALT is 1360ft above the highest elevation, but if the highest elevation is below 500ft, a min LSALT of 1500ft applies
If ATC advise ‘Resume Normal Speed’ which speed does this cancel?
Only the previously issued ATC speed restriction, Airspace & STAR restrictions will still apply following this.
Wont be used if already complying with a published speed limitation Resume Published Speeds would be said
If ATC advise ‘No Speed Restrictions’ which speeds does this cancel?
All airspace and ATC speed restrictions
Note* this will not be used whilst conducting a STAR or SID where published speeds exist
Aerodrome forecasts are issued for weather within what distance?
5nm from the ARP (Aerodrome Ref Point)
In a METAR or SPECI and 360V090 (for example) is shown, what does this mean?
The wind has varied between 360-090 in the 10min sample period, this will only show when winds vary by over 60degrees.
When visibility is shown in a METAR/SPECI as (for example) 6000m 700S, what does this mean?
The prevailing visibility is 6000m, and 700m Vis to the south (only shown when min vis less than 5000m)
When a SPECI indicates R16/0900U, what does this indicate?
The RVR indicates 900m Vis in an upward trend (improving), averaged over the 10min reporting period
U - Upward Trend, D - Downward Trend, N - Nil Change
When a SPECI indicates R16/0900V1200, what does this indicate?
That RVR is varying greatly over the reporting period, the first figure (900m) indicates 1 minute mean min vis, (1200m) indicates 1 minute mean max vis
When a SPECI indicates R16/P2000, what does this indicate?
The RVR is 2000m (or more), which is greater than the instrument can measure, and gives the maximum value that can be assessed
When a SPECI indicates R16/M0100 what does this indicate?
The RVR is 100m or less, this is the lowest value that can be assessed by the instrument.
At what percentage probability will thunderstorms or reduced visibility periods be included in the main body of the TAF?
Over 50% probability, if not PROB30 or PROB40, if below 30% this will not be included.
If a SPECI indicates VV010, what does this indicate?
A vertical visibility of 1000ft. This is commonly used when thick smoke is present. The VV is the ‘equivalent’ to an overcast cloud layer when practically planning for approaches.
A GPWT chart shows 25120-50 what does this show?
Wind 250degrees at 120kts, Temp -50
On RSWT (Route Sector Winds & Temps) chart, what does 340-42 2505545 Indicate?
At FL340, ISA is -42degrees
Wind is 250/55, Temp is -45 (ISA-3)
What time can ELTs be tested, or if an ELT is heard during this time testing might be assumed?
Within the first 5mins of the hour, and only 5 seconds in duration.
Unless tracking via SID or instructed by ATC, when is the departure track required to be intercepted?
Within 5nm of departure aerodrome
What requirements do ATC require to issue an aircraft with a Visual Approach Clearance? (BY DAY)
- Within 30nm of aerodrome
- Pilot has established and can maintain visual reference with ground/water to the aerodrome.
- Visibility not less than 5000m
What requirements do ATC require to issue an aircraft with a Visual Approach Clearance? (BY NIGHT)
- Pilot has established and can maintain visual reference with ground/water to the aerodrome.
- Visibility not less than 5000m
- Aircraft within 30nm or if A/C is being vectored at the MVA given a heading to intercept final
If cleared a visual approach by ATC and not tracking via a STAR, at what point can tracking be adjusted to position for landing?
By day within 5nm of aerodrome
By night within the circling area
What are the minimum altitude requirements when tracking via a Visual Approach? (DAY & NIGHT)
By day not less than 500ft above lower limit of CTA
By night not less than the appropriate LSALT/MSA or DGA step until;
- Within circling area
- 5nm Established not below slope (7nm ILS Rwy)
- 10nm Not below ILS G/S, within full scale LOC
If cleared a visual approach (although following an instrument approach) and a go-around is required, what must be flown?
Must initially climb on Rwy Track until advised by ATC, however if the aircraft cannot maintain obstacle clearance the aircraft my turn.
If cleared via an instrument approach, but the aircraft is established in VMC what tracking is required during a go-around?
The published missed approach or advised by ATC regardless if the aircraft is established in VMC
What is the navigational order of precision?
Localiser, GNSS, VOR then NDB
What is the cross-track tolerance before ATC need to be advised when operating in RNP 2 & RNP 1 airspace?
Greater than 2nm X-track error - RNP 2 airspace
Greater than 1nm X-track error - RNP 1 airspace
What weather conditions are required for the conduct of LAHSO operations? (Crosswind/Tailwind/Visibility)
- Max of 20kts crosswind
- Max of 5kts of Tailwind DRY (0 if WET)
- 8km Vis, can be reduced to 5km if ATC can sight aircraft before separation standards are reduced.
What equipment is required for RSVM operations?
- 2 independent primary altimetry systems
- Mode C SSR Transponder
- Altitude alert system
- Autopilot with height lock
If RVSM equipment is U/S, can operations in RVSM airspace still allowed?
Yes, but NEGATIVE RVSM must be advised to ATC, they may approve flight within FL290-FL410 with conventional separation standards
During changes of flight level in RVSM airspace what is the tolerance allowed?
Not more than 150ft overshoot or undershoot.
What should be done if 1 primary altimetry system fails in RVSM airspace?
- Couple the autopilot to the side with the functioning altimeter.
- Advise ATC that “For information, operating on 1 primary altimeter only”
What should be done if both primary altimeter systems fail?
- Maintain cleared flight level on the standby altimeter
- Advise ATC “Negative RVSM”
What is the altimeter tolerance in RVSM airspace, and what should be done if this is not within tolerance?
- 200ft between primary altimeters
- Check standby altimeter, determine malfunctioning altimeter and couple autopilot to functioning side
- If troubleshooting doesn’t fix, advise ATC “operating on 1 primary altimeter only”
Once established at the CFL ‘Cleared Flight Level’ what altitude deviations are required to be reported?
300ft or more from CFL, including TCAS manoeuvres
If departing from a non-controlled aerodrome, and contact with ATC is unable to made can you still depart?
Yes, if you have contact with company that has a phone able to contact ATS. or other than RPT flights a sartime EOBT+30mins can be set with ATC.
If using a TAF3 in the first 3hours for planning requirements, a probability of reduction in visibility & associated PROB30 or 40 of Thunderstorms, what fuel is required?
No additional, this only applies to PROB weather requirements in first 3 hours. Also no buffers apply to periods (similar to old TTF system)
If in flight calculated FOB on landing is less than fixed reserves (i.e. 1.0t), what is required?
MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY FUEL
And if required “Expecting normal approach & landing, emergency services not required”
If on final and a laser illumination event takes place, what details are handy to note to pass onto tower?
Event position, altitude, colour of laser, originating direction and position.
What are the Class D speed restrictions that need to be considered for departure planning?
Speed restriction of 200kts within 4nm and below 2,500ft AGL
When restricted airspace is designated RA1, RA2 & RA3 what do each of these mean?
RA1 (Least Restrictive) - May plan & expect clearance through
RA2 - May not plan through, unless on a route, clearances are not assured
RA3 (Most Restrictive) - Do not plan through, no clearances through
What are the minimum wake turbulence separation standards required, when the proceeding aircraft is a Heavy?
All operations = 2mins (5nm)
Intersection departure & Heavy used full length = 3mins
What are the Category speeds of the B717?
Cat C Initial = 240kts - 160kts Final =115kts - 160kts Vat = 121 - 140kts Missed Approach = 240kts Circling (Not Allowed) = 180kts
What is the minimum obstacle clearance for Cat C aircraft, and what is the size of the circling area?
400ft & 4.2nm
When can an aircraft descend below the MDA?
- Visual Reference can be maintained
- All elements of Met minima are met (cloud/vis)
- The aircraft is in a position to land with a normal rate of descent.
If a runway has an offset Non-Precision approach, when can the aircraft break off and establish a centreline track?
- Within the circling area (4.2nm)
- Visual Reference can be maintained
- Continuously in sight of ground/water
When is a missed approach required (Jepp)?
- When the aircraft is out of tolerance for the prescribed approach aid
- During an IAP below MSA and the aid becomes suspect or fails
- Visual reference is not obtained by the MDA/DA
- If landing via a circling approach, and visual reference cannot be established by circling minima
- Visual reference is lost whilst circling
To descend below an MDA/DA visual reference is required to be established, what does this mean?
The runway threshold, approach lighting or markings identifiable with the landing runway. And visibility not less than that listed on the chart.
What is the missed approach climb gradient, and what obstacle clearance is provided?
2.5% & 100ft obstacle clearance
What are the max holding speeds, and outbound timings? and can you exceed these speeds?
Up to and including FL140 = 230kts/ 1min
Above FL140 and including FL200 = 240kts/1.5min
Above FL200 = 265kts
** Due Turb can be increased up to 280kts/M.8 with ATC permission**
If a holding pattern shows a distance limitation how is the pattern adapted for this?
This is an outbound leg limitation, however the turn is to be commenced at or before the distance. Don’t have to stay within distance limitation.
What is the take-off minima for qualifying multi-engine aircraft (disregard NJS exemption)?
0’ & 550m
- Listed on chart (which confirms centreline markings/lighting, edge lighting & secondary power with 1 sec swapover)
otherwise 800m
What are the requirements for 800m Vis on an ILS approach?
- Aircraft is manually flown to DA via a flight director, or coupled approach to DA
- Aircraft has failure warning for attitude & heading reference
- Runway HIRL’s are ON (Edge Lighting)
- Runway HIAL’s on ON (Approach Lighting)
What equipment is required to use special alternate minima? (Updated by NOTAM)
- Duplicated LOC/GS/VOR receivers
- Either duplicated DME or GNSS or 1 DME/ 1 GNSS
When is special alternate minima not available?
-Local METAR/SPECI service N/A
-ATC not provided
NOTAM will advise when;
-Protracted U/S of any VHF Nav Aid (more than 7days)
-Facilities required for approach U/S or N/A
What is the standard SID climb gradient?
3.3%
If ATC issue a speed on descent, what speed restrictions can be ignored and which remain?
If ATC advise a speed, published speeds are cancelled however Airspace speeds still apply. Speed can be reduced as normal for approach & landing.
What is the standard IFR altimeter tolerance?
Within 60ft of listed elevation, greater than 75ft is U/S, between 60-75ft can be rechecked at first landing point.
What is the COBT window for arrivals?
-5mins to +15mins
What traffic restrictions are there for non-compliance of a COBT?
Early Non-Compliance - Up to 60mins
Late Non-Compliance - Published traffic holding
When ATC applies a waypoint crossing time restriction, what buffer applies to this?
Aircraft can cross up to 30sec early, but no later than the specified time.
For planning a offpeak un-scheduled flight, what validity must the forecast TAF at the destination have remaining on arrival?
No less than 60mins left on TAF validity after planned arrival.
During LAHSO operations, the white oscilating lights show the hold short location are operating, however you’ve been cleared to land or takeoff without further instruction, can you pass these lights?
Yes, they only apply if instructions have been given
How far and what altitude are aerodrome beacons intended to be seen from?
8km and between 1,000ft-5,000ft
When are aerodrome beacons operated?
By day in reduced visibility & at night. The beacon can be turned off by ATC when there are no traffic movements.
What is the RFFS Frequency?
131.0 (ATC must be advised first though)
